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This paper presents a multilateral comparison of relative levels and structures of costs of production in Japan, the US and West Germany. The analysis is carried out by using harmonized input–output tables, which are converted at US prices by using adjusted sectoral purchasing power parities. A new accounting methodology is derived from recent developments of index number theory, whereas the chosen multilateral comparison procedure gives results that are invariant with respect to the order of the pairs of countries examined. 相似文献
2.
This paper examines the relationship between firms’ productivity improvement and the volume of exports, and shows that it can be sometimes negative, which seems to be an empirical puzzle. The key lies in that we simultaneously take into account intermediate retailers (i.e. vertically) and multimarket linkages (i.e. horizontally). With convex cost functions, when market conditions worsen, the manufacturer increases supply to the retailer who is larger or more efficient in trade cost. 相似文献
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Exploiting heterogeneous variations in labour cost increases due to Japan's 2003 social insurance premium reform as a natural experiment, we estimate the impacts of the increased social insurance premiums on employment, working hours and payroll costs. Using the difference‐in‐differences method with establishment fixed effects, we find that firms reduce the number of employees and increase average annual earnings from longer working hours in response to an exogenous increase in labour costs without productivity gains. Firms manage to pay for this increase in the average wage paid to the remaining workers by reducing the number of employees to keep total payroll costs unchanged. In contrast, since social insurance premiums are shared equally between employees and employers, firms pay the remaining half premiums that they are imposed with. Sub‐sample analyses show that firms adhering to a labour hoarding policy did fire many workers taking advantage of the 2003 reform. This may indicate that the reform provided a good excuse to cut employment in firms that had been forced to comply with a labour hoarding policy even in an over‐employment situation, which is more likely in sectors and countries where dismissals are rigorously regulated. 相似文献
5.
We investigate the relationship between the degree of competition and the stability of collusive behaviour, by introducing the element of relative performance in the objective functions of the firms. We show that an increase in the degree of competition destabilizes the collusion. This relation differs starkly in the standard symmetric Cournot and Bertrand duopoly models, with the former being more unstable than the latter. 相似文献
6.
We investigate competition between a domestic intellectual property right holder and a foreign imitator and consider how parallel
imports affect their profits. We consider a two-country model. Country A is a developed country where intellectual property
rights are highly protected, and country B is a developing country where protection is weak. The intellectual property right
holder can sell the products for both markets while the imitator cannot export the products to country A. We find that permitting
parallel imports can be beneficial for both players because it serves as a commitment device to soften price competition. 相似文献
7.
We investigate the sequential choice of location in a mixed duopoly, where a welfare–maximising public firm competes against a profit–maximising private firm. We examine the desirable role of the public firm in a mixed market. We also consider the effect of price regulation. We find that the public firm should become the follower (leader) if a price regulation is (is not) imposed. We also find that neither price regulation nor privatisation of the public firm improves welfare. 相似文献
8.
Policy coordination in East Asia and across the Pacific 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In this paper, we construct a macro-econometric model that describes the economic activity in the Asia-Pacific area and provide
quantitative insights into the recent policy debates on monetary and currency coordination among the East Asian economies.
The model includes a wide variety of monetary and currency policy rules that the East Asian economies adopt and allows for
one country's policymaking to have substantial effects on foreign countries. We apply the model to three current policy issues:
(1) the desirability of currency basket pegs in East Asia, (2) the anticipated effects of China's currency policy reform,
and (3) the non-negativity constraint on Japanese nominal interest rates. The simulation analyses show the external economy
effects of policy rules quantitatively and suggest the difficulty of monetary and currency policy coordination among the East
Asian economies.
相似文献
Koichiro Kamada (Corresponding author)Email: |
Izumi TakagawaEmail: |
9.
Ryo Kambayashi Daiji Kawaguchi Izumi Yokoyama 《The Canadian journal of economics》2008,41(4):1329-1350
Abstract. This study examines the recent trend of the Japanese wage distribution based on a micro‐level data set from the Basic Survey on Wage Structure (1989–2003). We perform several decomposition analyses of changes in the distribution of the hourly wage. We observe that lower returns to education and years of tenure contribute to a diminishing income disparity between groups for both sexes. A larger variance within a group contributes to the wage disparity for males, while an increased heterogeneity of workers' attributes contributes to the wage disparity for females. The Dinardo, Fortin, and Lemieux decomposition confirms the basic findings with a parametric variance decomposition. 相似文献
10.
Horizontal Mergers and Merger Waves in a Location Model 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Noriaki Matsushima 《Australian economic papers》2001,40(3):263-286
We consider sequential mergers in a spatial model with Cournot competition. This model is suitable for explaining the behaviour of some industries where several brands of the same product are delivered by plants. The automobile and oil product industries are examples. To discuss sequential mergers, we use the method of Nilssen and Sørgard (1998). We show that if the transportation cost per length is large relative to market size, a merger wave occurs. In addition, it might improve social surplus. On the other hand, if the transportation cost per length is relatively small, a merger wave does not occur even though firms would be better off with sequential mergers.
We also compare our model to that of Levy and Reitzes (1992) who consider horizontal mergers with spatial price competition. We show that in a merger of neighbouring firms the merged firm's profit decreases. This result is opposite to that of Levy and Reitzes (1992).
Finally, we consider how a regulator affects sequential mergers. When each merger occurs, the regulator assesses each merger. In this case, there is a possibility that the existence of the regulator deters welfare-improving sequential mergers. 相似文献
We also compare our model to that of Levy and Reitzes (1992) who consider horizontal mergers with spatial price competition. We show that in a merger of neighbouring firms the merged firm's profit decreases. This result is opposite to that of Levy and Reitzes (1992).
Finally, we consider how a regulator affects sequential mergers. When each merger occurs, the regulator assesses each merger. In this case, there is a possibility that the existence of the regulator deters welfare-improving sequential mergers. 相似文献