Should Saskatchewan Farmland be Part of Your Investment Portfolio?

Farmland has been a good investment over the past 30 years, as part of an internationally diversified medium‐risk portfolio. For average or medium levels of risk, farmland can enhance the financial performance of an investment portfolio. Investors who choose to maintain a low‐risk portfolio will not include farmland and, similarly, the gains at the high‐risk level are also very minimal. The financial gains from farmland are a result of its negatively correlated returns with other equity markets. When added to an equity portfolio, the risk is reduced while maintaining the same rate of return on investment. This is especially true of the medium‐risk portfolios. Farmland investment has associated problems including illiquidity, poor marketability and asset lumpiness. A potential solution to these problems is to allow the organization of a Saskatchewan (or Canadian) farmland mutual fund. L'achat de terres agricoles s'est révélé un bon placement dans les 30 dernières années dans le cadre d'un portefeuille à risque modéré internationalement diversifié. Dans la catégorie de risque moyen ou modéré, la propriété de terres agricoles peut accroître le rendement économique d'un poriefeuille de placement. Les investisseurs qui choisissent de maintenir un poriefeuille à faible risque ne s'intéresseront pas aux terres agricoles, et par ailleurs, les gains au niveau de risque élevé sont également trés maigres. Les gains financiers tirés de la propriété de terres agricoles sont la résultante de la corrélation négative du rendement économique avec celle des autres marchés de valeurs. En ajoutant les terres agricoles à un portefeuille de valeurs mobilig?res, on abaisse le niveau de risque tout en conservant le même taux de rendement sur les placements. C'est particulièrement vrai des portefeuilles à risque modéré. Les placements dans les terres agricoles component des inconvénients comme l'illiquidité, la difflculté de revendre et l;indivisibilité. Une solution à ces proxblèmes serait d'autoriser la constitution d'un fonds mutuel de terres agricoles, soit pour la province de Saskatchewan ou pour l'ensemble du pays.     

Homeownership Determinants for Chinese Americans: Assimilation, Ethnic Concentration and Nativity

Chinese homeownership rates in the Los Angeles Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area adjusted by socioeconomic and housing market characteristics are, on average, 18 percentage points higher than those of native white households. This finding runs contrary to most immigration literature, which suggests that immigrants usually lag behind the host society in measures of economic well-being. This study focuses on two additional factors, which most economic studies of homeownership choice ignore, that may play a role in helping Chinese households achieve high homeownership in ways that other immigrant groups do not. The results of this analysis find that the high homeownership rates cannot be explained by the English skills of households. The cultural influence of homeowning peers may have partially contributed to the higher homeownership of Chinese households. While living in ethnic Chinese communities lowers homeownership rates, in general, it helps improve the likelihood that Chinese immigrants will own a home. Finally, we find that there is great diversity among Chinese subgroups with respect to their likelihood of owning a home, but very little diversity with respect to the education and income level of Chinese households across subgroups.     

Self‐Reported vs. Market Estimated House Values: Are Homeowners Misinformed or Are They Purposely Misreporting?

Extant research finds significant gaps between a homeowner's self‐reported house value and market estimates, and that the gap is largest for underwater homeowners. Prior studies, however, have largely overlooked the possibility that homeowners’ self‐reported house value may be more accurate due to private information. Previous research has also neglected the possibility that there could be discordance between what homeowners know and what they report as their house value. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study examines how the choices of households reveal their knowledge of the true home value. In so doing, we find that that post move housing choices reveal that market estimates are accurate assessments of the housing value. Further, we find evidence that these underwater homeowners are aware of the actual house value, but are reporting them incorrectly. The results show that misreporting underwater homeowners are as likely to be late on their mortgage payments as homeowners that are reporting negative equity. Underwater homeowners’ reluctance to admit their losses accords with the theory of loss aversion.     

Pathways to Homeownership: An Analysis of the Residential Location and Homeownership Choices of Black Households in Los Angeles

Recent studies have documented substantially depressed levels of homeownership among African-American households. While prior analyses have focused largely on racial disparities in household financial characteristics, few studies have assessed the potential role of location choice and locational attributes in the homeownership choice decision. This research applies individual-level Census data from the Los Angeles area to explicitly model the residential location and tenure choice decisions of African-American households. Research findings indicate that there is substantial variation across African-American and white households in the determinants of locational choice among South Central LA, other parts of Los Angeles, and Inland Empire (San Bernardino County) areas. In addition, African-American and white households are found to differ in how location characteristics impact in their tenure choices. Overall, after accounting for location, the empirical analysis served to explain three-fourths of the 23 percentage point gap in homeownership rates between Los Angeles white and black households, whereas models that lack controls for location accounted only for about one-half of the observed gap.     

The Impact of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 on Housing Turnover in the U.S. Single‐Family Residential Market

The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (TRA97) replaced a one‐time, post‐age‐55 capital gain exclusion with a larger gain exclusion amount that could be protected every two years without requiring that the taxpayer trades up in housing. This action had the potential to impact housing transactions for every existing homeowner, regardless of age, as well as future purchasers of housing. We analyze household‐level data to determine if the repeated ability to exclude periodic recognized capital gains on housing from taxation shortened housing tenure significantly after TRA97 became effective. We next consider whether the decline was heterogeneous across age groups, across trading up and trading down and across geography. Given that the impact of TRA97 appears at first glance to be most profound for taxpayers close to 55 years of age, a somewhat surprising result of our research is that significant decreases in tenure are pervasive, appearing in all age ranges and in samples of homeowners who trade up and who trade down. Finally, we provide additional evidence at the aggregate level that TRA97 led to measurable changes in the price elasticity of housing turnover in the four geographic regions defined by the U.S. Census Bureau (Northeast, Midwest, South and West) and in states that are home to large metropolitan housing markets.     

The NELS Curve: Replicating The Bell Curve Analyses with the National Education Longitudinal Study

This study uses the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS) to replicate both the analysis in The Bell Curve and that of several of its previous replications. We examine the relative importance of test scores and family background in predicting dropping out of high school, starting college, arrests, and out-of-wedlock fertility. Our results relax several arbitrary assumptions made in The Bell Curve . We strongly reject The Bell Curve's conclusion that family background is almost always less important than test scores in predicting outcomes. In addition, our analysis casts doubt on some of The Bell Curve's claims concerning reverse discrimination in education.     

Operating Codes in the Emerging System of Local Governance: From 'Top-Down State' to 'Disciplined Pluralism'?

By focusing on the intentional interventions of recent governments, many accounts of UK local governance have under-estimated the significance of evolutionary local institutional change. This article corrects that imbalance. Following an exploration of ideas associated with the 'adaptive state', the article considers the relevance of the concept of 'disciplined pluralism' to an appropriate rebalancing of the legitimate interests of the different stakeholders in local public services. The author also examines the fundamental issue of the desirable future operating code for managing local institutional innovation.     

The Role of Interest Rates in Influencing Long-Run Homeownership Rates

As a stated policy objective, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) seeks to boost the national homeownership rate to 70 percent by 2006. To accomplish this goal, they estimate that 3.8 million additional families be added to the ranks of U.S. homeowners. Furthermore, HUD estimates that the homeownership gap between minority and nonminority families must be reduced by a full 15 percent. Many policy instruments—both targeted and otherwise—have been suggested to increase homeownership. These range from low downpayment loans, greater access to credit in underserved areas, and interest rates subsidies. However, little is know about the efficacy of these measures to raise long-term homeownership rates. In this analysis, we focus on the role of interest rates on homeownership rates and the housing stock. In particular, we provide a critical review of the literature on the relationship between housing and interest rates in contrast to other determinants of homeownership and changes in housing supply. We then present our own estimates of the influence of interest rates on homeownership and housing starts. We find that interest rates play little direct role in changing homeownership rates. While changes in interest rates may affect the timing of changes in tenure status from renter to owner, the long-run ownership rate appears independent of interest rates. We find housing starts are, however, sensitive to changes in the interest rate. This implies that housing supply, or at least the timing of changes in housing supply, is sensitive to interest rates. It is though this mechanism that the stock of owner-occupied housing expands, though household formation and immigration may leave the ownership rate unchanged. We conclude by discussing whether other instruments, such as low down payment loans and improved technology for assessment of credit risk, may potentially be better suited to increasing long-term homeownership rates.