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1.
In recent years a growing stream of research has examined the relationships between structural characteristics of regions and their levels of new firm formation. This empirical study aims at supplementing such findings with analyses that include other forms of business dynamics, and also the possible well-being effects of such dynamics. From a unique and comprehensive data set that tracks all births, deaths, expansions, and contractions of commercial business establishments in Sweden 1985–89, six groups of regions with different patterns of dynamics are extracted by means of cluster analysis. The clusters' structural characteristics and their development of economic well-being are also compared. The results suggesta) that the patterns of business dynamics are contingent on the structural characteristics of regions,b) that high formation and turnover of establishments are associated with a relative increase in economic well-being, andc) that small, autonomous firms have a vital role in this process. 相似文献
2.
Walter Block Per Henrik Hansen Peter G. Klein 《American journal of economics and sociology》2007,66(2):457-464
A bstract . Even the most passionate defenders of free trade, such as Mises and Rothbard, claim that trade cannot occur under conditions of strict homogeneity of land, labor, and capital. We show that specialization, trade, and the division of labor can emerge even when resources are initially homogenous, due to "natural heterogeneity," economies of scale, and learning. 相似文献
3.
Simple models of local government behavior predict equal effects of private income and unconditional federal grants on local
government expenditures. Numerous empirical analyses, however, find that the effect of grants is larger than the income effect.
We argue that this flypaper effect may be a result of weak political leaderships in multi–issue and multi–party decision–making
environments. In multi–issue institutions, a strong political leadership may reduce inefficiency due to interest group influence
and inter–party bargaining in the local council. Utilizing data for Norwegian local governments in the 1930s, we find that
political strength reduces the size of the flypaper effect. When the local council consists of only one political party, we
cannot reject absence of a flypaper effect, while the flypaper effect is large in fragmented local councils.
Received: June 2000 / accepted: February 2001 相似文献
4.
Summary We study the effects of introducing a feasible insurance market into the spatial separation model of money described in Mitsui and Watanabe (1989). We show that the insurance contract may or may not drive out money. We also show that, depending on the degree of risk aversion, the additional market can reduce welfare for all agents, increase welfare for all agents, or increase welfare for some agents and reduce it for others.The authors would like to thank Ed Green, Preston Miller, Ed Prescott and Neil Wallace for valuable comments. 相似文献
5.
How Often to Sample a Continuous-Time Process in the Presence of Market Microstructure Noise 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
In theory, the sum of squares of log returns sampled at highfrequency estimates their variance. When market microstructurenoise is present but unaccounted for, however, we show thatthe optimal sampling frequency is finite and derives its closed-formexpression. But even with optimal sampling, using say 5-minreturns when transactions are recorded every second, a vastamount of data is discarded, in contradiction to basic statisticalprinciples. We demonstrate that modeling the noise and usingall the data is a better solution, even if one misspecifiesthe noise distribution. So the answer is: sample as often aspossible. 相似文献
6.
7.
We adopt the view that greater party discipline induces legislators to commit to promised policies after being elected. We then develop the hypothesis that the effect of party discipline on the stringency of environmental policy is conditional on the degree of government corruption. Our empirical work suggests that greater party discipline results in more stringent environmental policies when the level of corruption is relatively low, but in weaker policies when the level of corruption is comparatively high. 相似文献
8.
The literature on trade liberalization and environment has not yet considered federal structures. In this paper, we show how the design of environmental policy in a federal system has implications for the effects of trade reform. Trade liberalization leads to a decline in pollution taxes, regardless of whether pollution taxes are set at the federal (centralized) or local (decentralized) level, and it increases social welfare. The effect under a decentralized system is smaller than if these taxes are set by the federal government, and pollution emissions therefore decline in this case. Moreover, majority bias interacts with trade liberalization if federal taxes are used. 相似文献
9.
This paper explores asset pricing in economies where there is no direct insurance against idiosyncratic risks but other assets can be used for self-insurance, subject to exogenously-imposed borrowing limits. We analyze an endowment economy, based on Huggett (1993) [11], both with and without aggregate risk. Our main innovation is that we obtain full analytical tractability by studying the case with “maximally tight” borrowing constraints. We illustrate by looking at riskless bonds, equity, and the term structure of interest rates, and we show that the model can reproduce many features of observed asset prices when idiosyncratic risks are quantitatively reasonable. 相似文献
10.
Recent research suggests that self-employment among immigrants is due to a combination of multiple situational, cultural and institutional factors, all acting together. Using multilevel regression and unique data on the entire population of Sweden for the year 2007, this study attempts to quantify the relative importance for the self-employed of embeddedness in ethnic contexts (country of birth) and regional business and public regulatory frameworks (labour market areas). This information indicates whether the layers under consideration are valid constructs of the surroundings that influence individual self-employment. The results show that 10% (women) and 8% (men) of the total variation in individual differences in self-employment can be attributed to the country of birth. When labour market areas are included in the analyses, the share of the total variation increases to 14% for women and 12% for men. The results show that the ethnic context and the economic environment play a minor role in understanding individual differences in self-employment levels. The results can have important implications when planning interventions or other actions focusing on self-employment as public measures to promote self-employment often are based on geographic areas and ethnic contexts. 相似文献