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Incorporating Collateral Value Uncertainty in Loss Given Default Estimates and Loan-to-value Ratios 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
We present a model of risky debt in which collateral value is correlated with the possibility of default. The model is then used to study the expected loss given default, primarily as a function of collateral. The results obtained could prove useful for estimating losses given default in many popular models of credit risk which assume them constant. We also examine the problem of determining sufficient collateral to secure a loan to a desired extent. In addition to bank practitioners, regulators might find our analysis useful in reviewing banks’ lending standards relative to current collateral values. In particular, the current proposals for The New (Basel) Capital Accord involve options for the use of banks’ own loss given default estimates which might benefit from the analysis in this paper. 相似文献
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Consumer exposure to new brand names can occur in contexts with or without brand information being present. Whereas previous
research has examined the effects of brand name characteristics (association set size and word frequency) on memory in the
presence of brand information, this paper also assesses brand name effects in contexts without brand related information and
extends it to brand consideration and choice. Two different processes are found to be operating as consumers retrieve brands
and make a choice. Recall seems to benefit from a distinctiveness based route, which also guides consideration and choice.
In contrast, implicit memory is influenced by familiarity, with corresponding consideration and choice effects. The implications
are that firms’ choice of brand names and media needs to consider the combination of brand name characteristics that will
lead to desired outcomes vis-à-vis distinctiveness or familiarity based processes. 相似文献
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Sridhar Samu Namita Bhatnagar 《International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing》2008,13(3):237-250
- This research investigates the effects of direct and indirect sources of anti‐smoking messages. Specifically, it examines the direct influence of advertised messages and the indirect effect of the subsequent discussion.
- Two studies examine the role of: (i) Source characteristics (i.e., messages disseminated through mass media and subsequently via discussion by friends or strangers); (ii) Message characteristics (i.e., messages that induce either low or high fear); (iii) Individual characteristics (i.e., gender based differences within the target audience) in attitude formation towards smokers, the act of smoking, propensity to smoke, and the likelihood of being influenced.
- Message efficacy is found to vary by gender, type of ad appeal, as well as group membership of ad discussants. Implications for design of anti‐smoking campaigns are derived.
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Consumer processing of cause marketing communications featuring a brand and a cause is investigated in the context of the communication format (perceived fit and dominance) on consumer attitudes and behavioral intentions. Two studies using different forms of communication, public service announcement (PSA) and cause-related marketing advertisement (CRM ad), are used to examine these effects. Findings suggest that both factors are important to consider in any joint communication. While high fit is critical for brands, dominance is shown to be important for both in joint communications. 相似文献
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Using two experiments we demonstrate that people have lower tolerance for smoking and higher anti‐smoking activism likelihood when in‐group versus out‐group members smoke. The likelihood of anti‐smoking activism toward in‐group smokers was greater for men than women. Moreover, as social distance declined, men showed greater anti‐smoking message receptiveness, message susceptibility and activism likelihood, whereas, women displayed no significant differences in tolerance for smoking, message receptiveness, message susceptibility, and activism likelihood. Open‐ended responses indicated generally negative cognitive reactions to smokers, yet a broad unwillingness to confront them. While feelings of personal relevance and caring facilitated anti‐smoking activism intentions, beliefs in the freedom of personal choice and polite interpersonal interactions hindered these intentions. 相似文献
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Walter Wymer Sridhar Samu 《International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing》2009,14(1):1-20
- The purpose of the study presented in this paper is to add to our understanding of the added value, both monetary and non‐monetary, to a brand when supporting a cause in a cause marketing ad. The findings show that consumers do not perceive the brand to be worth more if it was shown to be supporting a cause. The study also failed to show a significant improvement in consumer brand attitudes for brands featured in cause marketing ads. However, there was an attitude improvement for the cause. Product type and consumer dispositional variables were also examined.
- In summary, this study calls into question the value brands derive from being paired with a cause. This study discusses productive areas of future research and managerial implications.
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