排序方式: 共有23条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Energy policy, environmental planning and economic development play a key role in sustainable development. Sustainable development requires suitable and strategic policies satisfying multiple and conflicting objectives. Fuzzy goal programming (FGP) is a well-known approach in multi-criteria decision-making for its practical application. In this article, a FGP approach is proposed to analyse environmental, energy and sustainability goals of India by the year 2030 with reference to the key economic sectors of India. The presented model analyses the improvement opportunities, requirement of efforts and implementation of the sustainable development plans. Numerical illustration is also provided for validation and application of the proposed model. 相似文献
2.
Muhammad Irfan Chani Sajjad Ahmad Jan Zahid Pervaiz Amatul R. Chaudhary 《Quality and Quantity》2014,48(1):149-156
This study investigates the causal relationship between human capital inequality and income inequality in case of Pakistan. The annual time series data ranging from 1973 to 2009 is used for econometric analysis. Johanson co-integration and Granger Causality tests are used to confirm the existence of long run relationship and the causal relationship between human capital inequality and income inequality. The results indicate that there is positive relationship between the two types of inequalities in the long run. The estimates of causality test indicate that income inequality causes the human capital inequality but human capital inequality does not cause income inequality. Policy initiatives to reduce income inequality may empower people economically to avail skill building opportunities and accumulate their human capital through access to educational services. 相似文献
3.
Irfan Khan 《金融电子化》2010,(5):105-106
抵押证券化通过房地产市场帮助美国经济成功地摆脱了1980年的储贷危机。但是,当抵押证券缺乏保障和其他缺点交织在一起时,高度的复杂性导致了两年前次贷危机的爆发。 相似文献
4.
Khaldoon Nusair Nan Hua Ahmet Ozturk Irfan Butt 《Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing》2017,34(5):653-665
This study proposed and tested a theoretical framework that explains electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) against the backdrop of social networking websites (SNWs), which have gained substantial popularity among travelers. In particular, a United States (US) nationwide online survey was conducted and nine hypotheses were tested. The findings suggest that willingness to share knowledge and switching costs are positively related to eWOM communication. In addition, customer value (utilitarian) has positive relationships with willingness to share knowledge, perceived security, and switching cost, while customer value (hedonic) has positive relationships with willingness to share knowledge and switching costs. Last but not least, the findings indicate that perceived security does negatively impact eWOM. In light of the major findings, the article sets forth strategic implications for travel-related social networking websites. 相似文献
5.
With rapidly increasing globalization, business students are required to understand complex global markets and adapt to the rapid changes in the global landscape. This paper discusses a project where students from International Marketing courses in Pakistan, the United States, and France used an interactive platform as a base to jointly explore the marketing of brand-name products across the three countries to better understand the realities of global marketing strategies. The results are discussed as are the difficulties and the recommendations for future projects. 相似文献
6.
This article reviews the operation of two improvement partnerships in Pakistan, where third sector organizations adopted selected state schools. The authors reflect on the lessons arising from both schemes in the light of the Institute of Educational Sciences’ (IES) guidance on turning around schools. Although the operation of both partnership schemes is context specific, the findings should nevertheless be of interest to policy-makers in other countries. They also show how some aspects of the IES’s guidance may need to be adapted and augmented, especially in the context of developing countries. 相似文献
7.
Imperfect Information, Screening, and the Costs of Informal Lending: A Study of a Rural Credit Market in Pakistan 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Many governments have perceived the rural moneylender as usurious.This article takes a first step toward directly testing thevalidity of this view. In a study of services, costs, and chargesof fourteen informal market moneylenders and their clients inChambar, Pakistan, the article examines whether the high implicitinterest rates charged reflect the actual costs of operatingin that market. Estimates of the resource costs incurred byinformal lenders for screening, pursuing delinquent loans, overhead,and cost of capital (including unrecoverable loans) suggestthat lenders' charges are equal to their average cost of lendingbut exceed their marginal cost. This finding is consistent withthe view that the informal credit market is characterized byexcess capacity and monopolistic competition in the presenceof imperfect information. 相似文献
8.
Mohd Irfan 《Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination》2011,6(1):29-40
This paper proposes a two-stage game theoretic model where the discretionary power of executives acts as an implicit defense
against hostile takeovers. Following managerial enterprise models, this paper analyzes the effects of discretionary power
of target’s executives over R&D and advertising expenditures in defeating hostile takeover attempts. It is shown that in vertically
differentiated industries, in equilibrium, target’s executives keep low level of R&D and advertising expenditures to make
their firm an unattractive target for hostile takeovers. The model reveals that executives are influenced by their self-interest
of monetary and non-monetary benefits and this self-interest makes the industry more differentiated. 相似文献
9.
The paper estimates both long-run reserves and long-run money demand equations using the multivariate cointegration approach. An economic model is constructed, based on the monetary approach to balance of payments in which the monetary authorities can control money supply through changes in bank credit. The vector auto-regressive methodology is used to derive latent equilibrium relationships, and the short-run error correction equations are estimated for both nominal money stock and reserves. A response function for the short-run changes in bank credit is developed. Given the institutional system and slow adjustments, a response function of changes in bank credit to lagged changes in reserves performs well for the period 1960–88. 相似文献
10.
In addition to multilateral trade agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the world has seen a remarkable proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in the last two decades. This study investigates whether these multilateral and regional trade institutions increase food trade and bring the world into a freer flow of food. The gravity model of international trade is used for the empirical analysis. The model is developed in a large panel data setting and attempted to address some potential problems in the estimations including multilateral trade resistances, zero trade values and endogeneity. The results suggest that both the WTO and RTAs have delivered significant positive effects on trade among the participant countries, but not food. Only RTAs are found to have increased food trade among the participant countries. However, although on average the WTO is found to have negative implications on food trade, it facilitates the developing countries more than the developed countries. 相似文献