Fuzzy Numbers in the Credit Rating of Enterprise Financial Condition

Most of the parameters used to describe the credit rating are in linguistic terms, which are vague and difficult to put into precise numerical values. Fuzzy set theory, which was developed to handle this kind of vagueness, is used to represent and to aggregate the various linguistic data usually used in commercial banks. To illustrate the approach, numerical examples are solved and compared with existing approaches.     

弱势政府条件下的信息载体:近代上海绸缎商人组织

近代上海绸缎业商人行业组织是一种人为创生的私人秩序.它是在市场主体众多、分散,旧有的信用基础、关系被打破正在重建,竞争无序,而晚清北洋政府又无力发展有效的正式制度以规范市场的特定条件下成立的.它作为一种信息机制或者说是信息载体,解决了绸缎业市场声誉机制的重建及维持问题,它是先维持行业的利益,再实现个体正常利润.它在一定时段内对规范绸业市场发挥着重要作用,并通过各种合作将其触角从流通领域延伸到生产领域.     

A study of HRM and recruitment and selection policies and practices in Taiwan

In this paper, the authors present and discuss the findings of a survey of human resource management (HRM) and recruitment and selection policies and practices in a sample of manufacturing industry in Taiwan. The results indicate that there is a general desire among HR professionals in participant companies that HRM policies are integrated with corporate strategy and that HRM should be involved in decision making at board level. Evidence was also obtained that some HRM decisions are shared between line management and HR specialists and that line managers had a particularly influential role in decisions regarding recruitment and selection, training and development, and workforce expansion/reduction. There was also some evidence supporting an assertion that certain recruitment and selection practices were culturally sensitive and this was supported by evidence of association between recruitment and selection practices and country of ownership.