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1.
John P. Dickson Douglas L. MacLachlan 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1990,18(2):153-161
This research was designed to see whether a reconceptualization of social distance (as measured by social class variables)
between shoppers and stores would provide a basis for understanding store avoidance behavior. A survey of shoppers classified
into two distinct social classes investigated their images, including social class images, of two stores that had been selected
as representatives of upscale and downscale retailers. A new measure of social distance was proposed and evaluated. Controlling
for other functional aspects of store image such as price and personnel, the social distance measure was found to be influential
in discriminating shopping frequency groups for the two stores, providing evidence that people tend to avoid stores that are
perceived as being socially distant from themselves. 相似文献
2.
Leaders,Values, and Organizational Climate: Examining Leadership Strategies for Establishing an Organizational Climate Regarding Ethics 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
Michael?W.?GrojeanEmail author Christian?J.?Resick Marcus?W.?Dickson D.?Brent?Smith 《Journal of Business Ethics》2004,55(3):223-241
This paper examines the critical role that organizational leaders play in establishing a values based climate. We discuss seven mechanisms by which leaders convey the importance of ethical values to members, and establish the expectations regarding ethical conduct that become engrained in the organizations climate. We also suggest that leaders at different organizational levels rely on different mechanisms to transmit values and expectations. These mechanisms then influence members practices and expectations, further increase the salience of ethical values and result in the shared perceptions that form the organizations climate. The paper is organized in three parts. Part onebegins with a brief discussion of climates regarding ethics and the critical role of values. Part two provides discussion on the mechanisms by which leaders and members transmit values and create climates related to ethics. Part three provides a discussion of these concepts with implications for theory, research, and practice. 相似文献
3.
A new theory in economics (Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler, 1986a, b) contends that consumer judgments of seller fairness can explain why sellers in many industries do not raise prices to ration off excess demand. In a small study focusing on automated teller machines (ATM) fees, we obtain empirical support for KKT's prediction that unjustified price increases are perceived as unfair, while cost justification legitimates a price increase in consumers' eyes. We also find, however, that fairness perceptions are not significantly related to behavioral intentions (as the theory would suggest). Many respondents felt the fee was unfair but would not switch banks because of switching costs, while others felt the fee was fair but would switch banks because of the cumulative cost. Research directions are discussed. 相似文献
4.
This article takes stock of foreign direct investment (FDI) undertaken by transnational corporations (TNCs) in the global water industry and examines the evidence on the impact of their operations in host countries. Between 1996 and 2006, approximately $12 billion were invested in water‐related sectors, of which 75% came from the private sector (including TNCs) from just four countries, while tentative calculations put the global share of investment by TNCs at 56%. Presently, 243 enterprises have interests in 409 water projects in 53 host countries. However, just six countries have received over half of the total investment. A survey of the evidence reports mixed results of the impact of TNCs' investment in host countries. It is argued that the biggest issue here is pricing, a dilemma that, alongside the privatization issue of host countries' water industry, is discussed in the concluding section. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
5.
Christian J. Resick Paul J. Hanges Marcus W. Dickson Jacqueline K. Mitchelson 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,63(4):345-359
The western-based leadership and ethics literatures were reviewed to identify the key characteristics that conceptually define
what it means to be an ethical leader. Data from the Global Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness (GLOBE) project were
then used to analyze the degree to which four aspects of ethical leadership – Character/Integrity, Altruism, Collective Motivation, and Encouragement – were endorsed as important for effective leadership across cultures. First, using multi-group confirmatory factor analyses
measurement equivalence of the ethical leadership scales was found, which provides indication that the four dimensions have
similar meaning across cultures. Then, using analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests each of the four dimensions were found to
be universally endorsed as important for effective leadership. However, cultures also varied significantly in the degree of
endorsement for each dimension. In the increasingly global business environment, these findings have implications for organizations
implementing ethics programs across cultures and preparing leaders for expatriate assignments.
Christian J. Resick is Assistant Professor of Industrial and Organizational Psychology at Florida International University.
His research is aimed at understanding how people interact with and influence various aspects of their work environments,
including cultures, climates, leaders, and teammates along with the implications for various aspects of organizational behavior.
A particular focus of Christian’s work examines ethical leadership and the critical linkages between leadership and organizational
ethics. He received his Ph.D. from Wayne State University.
Paul J. Hanges is a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland and the head of the Industrial/Organizational
Psychology program in the department. He is an affiliate of the Cognitive Psychology program and the R. H. Smith School of
Business. Paul’s research focuses on three topics (a) social cognition, leadership, and cross-cultural issues; (b) personnel
selection, test fairness, and racial/gender discrimination; and (c) research methodology. He is on the editorial board of
the Journal of Applied Psychology and The Leadership Quarterly and is a fellow of the Society of Industrial and Organizational
Psychology and the American Psychological Association.
Marcus W. Dickson is Associate Professor of I/O Psychology at Wayne State University in Detroit. His research generally focuses
on issues of leadership and culture (both organizational and societal), and the interaction of those constructs. He is a former
Co-Principal Investigator of the GLOBE Project, and his work has appeared in Journal of Applied Psychology, Applied Psychology:
An International Review, and The Leadership Quarterly, among others.
Jacqueline K. Mitchelson is a doctoral candidate in Industrial and Organizational Psychology at Wayne State University. Her
current research areas are leadership, organizational culture, individual differences and work-family conflict. 相似文献
6.
The impact of coding time on the estimation of school effects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nkafu Dickson Anumendem Bieke De Fraine Patrick Onghena Jan Van Damme 《Quality and Quantity》2013,47(2):1021-1040
Multilevel growth curve models are becoming invaluable in educational research because they model changes in student outcomes efficiently. The coding of the time variable in these models plays a crucial role as illustrated in this study for the case of a three-level quadratic growth curve model. This paper shows clearly how the choice of a time coding affects school effects estimates and their interpretation. A new definition for school effects for growth curve models with random intercepts and slopes is proposed. This study recommends that the choice of a time coding should not only be based on the ease of interpretation and model convergence but also on its consequences on the student status and growth parameter estimates. The current application illustrates that in general the school effects for student growth in well-being and language achievement in secondary school, are greater for student growth than for student status. 相似文献
7.
This paper compares the costs of off-farm damage from sediment displaced through erosion from southern Ontario cropland with the costs of erosion control to farmers using available conservation tillage techniques. The SOILEC model is used to simulate the long-run on-farm profitability of alternative tillage systems. The Guelph model for evaluating the effects of Agricultural Management systems on Erosion and Sedimentation (GAMES) is used to estimate changes in sediment delivery rates under different production systems. The results of the analysis indicate that the off-farm gains from the use of conservation tillage generally exceed the on-farm costs of erosion control for southwestern Ontario growing conditions. Le présent document compare les coûts des dommages causés à l'extérieur des régions agricoles par le déplacement des sédiments sous l'effet de l'érosion des terres agricoles du sud de l'Ontario aux coûts des techiques de conservation du sol devant être utilisées par les agriculteurs pour lutter contre l'érosion. Le modèle SOILEC est utilisé pour simuler la rentabilitéà long terme, pour les agriculteurs, d'autres techniques de travail du sol. Le modèle Guelph pour évaluer les effets des systèmes de gestion agricole sur l'érosion et la sédimentation (GAMES) a également été utilisé pour estimer la variation du taux d'écoulement des sédiments en fonction de différents systèmes de production. Les résultats de l'analyse indiquent que les gains à l'extérieur de la ferme résultant de l'application de techniques de conservation sont en général supérieurs aux coûts des mesures de lutte contre l'érosion devant être utilisées à la ferme, dans les conditions de culture s'appliquant au sudouest de l'Ontario. 相似文献
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In this paper we consider a risk process in which claim inter-arrival times have a phase-type(2) distribution, a distribution with a density satisfying a second order linear differential equation. We consider some ruin related problems. In particular, we consider the compound geometric representation of the infinite time survival probability, as well as the (defective) distributions of the surplus immediately prior to ruin and of the deficit at ruin. We also consider explicit solutions for the infinite time ruin probability in the case where the individual claim amount distribution is phase-type. 相似文献