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Despite decentralization reforms of education systems worldwide,there is little empirical evidence about the processes throughwhich decentralization can improve student learning. Proponentstheorize that devolving decisionmaking authority to the locallevel can improve communication, transparency, and accountability,making teachers and school principals more responsible for betterperformance and more capable of bringing it about. Yet someresearch has shown that decentralization can increase inequalityand reduce learning for disadvantaged students. This articlereports on retrospective evaluations of three Central Americanschool-based management reforms. Using matching techniques,these evaluations investigate whether the reforms enhanced studentlearning and how they affected management processes and teachercharacteristics and behaviors. The evidence indicates that allthree reforms resulted in substantive changes in managementand teacher characteristics and behavior and that these changesexplain significant portions of resultant changes in studentlearning. This article contributes to the understanding of howdecentralization reforms can improve learning and shows howeducation reforms, even when not conceptualized as affectingteacher incentives, can generate important changes for teachersthat, in turn, affect student learning. JEL codes: I21, I28, H52, H75 相似文献
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Joshua D. Dorsey Paul Hill Nora Moran Courtney Nations Azzari Farnoush Reshadi Ilana Shanks Jerome D. Williams 《The Journal of consumer affairs》2020,54(1):70-99
Healthcare exchange often contains peril for consumers because of numerous barriers to financial well-being (FWB). Rather than ruing specific agendas of healthcare policy, we embrace a neutral and immediately actionable approach. The authors promote gains in healthcare's current composition by empowering consumers to be proactive, where possible, in reducing power inequities and improving their own FWB. As such, the authors identify primary barriers to the FWB of healthcare consumers and propose individual opportunities within the existing healthcare structure that are likely to improve fiscal outcomes. Moreover, the current research demonstrates collaborative paths wherein power-holders (i.e., practitioner, researcher, consumer, government) can collaborate toward and/or contribute to the same financial health. A proposed theoretical framework, with foundations of power-responsibility equilibrium and transformative service research, gives rise to future research directions. This research is intended to provide a foundation for healthcare and FWB thought/action, and to guide coming scholarly offerings. 相似文献
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Victor Lavy 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》2008,110(4):639-662
This paper reports estimates of the causal effects of a 50 percent increase in the salary of headmasters of high schools in Israel. The results suggest that the program led to significant improvements in twelfth‐grade students' academic achievements. However, the effect was relatively modest, comprising increases of about 5–10 percent in the school mean matriculation rate, average score and number of subjects and credit units taken in matriculation programs. Based on these results and the lack of evidence regarding the effect of increasing teachers' salary, it seems that priority should be given to paying higher wages to school principals. 相似文献
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Alleviating Transitory Food Crises in Sub-Saharan Africa: International Altruism and Trade 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The donor community has responded to unexpected or transitorydrops in domestic food production in many countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica. An empirical framework estimates and analyzes the correlationbetween this food aid and domestic production. Both emergencyfood aid and commercial imports are used to offset the effectsof negative output shocks in Sub-Saharan African countriesthemajor recipients of global emergency food aid. On average everyone-ton drop in cereal production is offset by the deliveryof 0.8 tons of cereal and dairy products from abroad (over fouryears). Most food aid arrives within a year of a shock, andcorrelation of shocks over time along with the differences betweencrop years and calendar years may explain the link between aidand production. The economic and political considerations alsodetermine the global response to the emergency food needs ofcountries in Africa. The international response is not contingenton the form of government or the level of political and humanrights violations. Poorer countries and those with well-establishednon-emergency food aid programs receive larger amounts of emergencyaid when needed. 相似文献
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The effectiveness of government investments in health care dependson the public's response to price and quality as well as onwhether these expenditures actually improve health outcomes.Consumers, even those in low-income households, are willingto pay fees for better health care if the fees translate intoimproved access and reliability. But when prices rise withouta concomitant improvement in services, malnutrition and childmortality rates increase. The availability of basic health carehas a relatively greater impact on households with low incomesor low education, or both, than does the provision of more specializedservices. This article describes the types of services for whichhouseholds indicate they are willing to pay increased fees.It also indicates the potential gains from improving these services,as well as the consequences of moving faster on cost recoverythan on providing improved or better-targeted services. 相似文献
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Moti Frank Ilana Lavy David Elata 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2003,13(3):273-288
This paper presents perceptions and attitudes of freshmen students that have participated in an introductory Project-Based
Learning (PBL) course in engineering. The course, `A creative introduction to mechanical engineering', was developed and is
taught in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technion. In this course, teams of students carry out mini-projects
that require the design and construction of devices that perform pre-defined tasks. The qualitative paradigm was found to
be suitable for studying the process undergone by the students, mainly because the study focused on the human aspect — the
students' emotions, thoughts, behavior, and difficulties. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews with the
students, the teacher, and the teaching-assistant, by observations in the classroom, and by analyzing students' reports. The
paper presents the students' perceptions of: the aim of the course; the instructor's role in a PBL environment; characteristics
of PBL course; advantages of the PBL from the students' point of view; PBL as a learning environment for future engineers,
and implications of learning in teams.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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