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This article explores the change in the level of competition in rural banking markets after the deregulation that occurred following passage of the Riegle‐Neal Act of 1994. Using an empirical model that utilizes both the number of banks and the value of deposits in a cross‐section of 278 rural markets, we decompose the impact of the entry of new banks into resulting changes in per capita demand and the costs/profits of local banks in 1994 and 2004. The results support the view that local banking markets have become more competitive since the mid‐1990s. 相似文献
3.
It is well known that, in general, there are a multitude of supergame equilibria in noncooperative duopoly markets, suggesting the inability (without severe restrictions) of theory alone to determine the 'best' strategy in a repeated game context. Axelrod's prisoner's dilemma simulation tournaments have led to the view of the somewhat cooperative 'tit-fortat' approach as an attractive strategy, in particular compared to an alternative strategy of 'always defecting' (choosing at all times the single period Nash solution). In this paper, we use data obtained from two independent posted-offer duopoly experiments to investigate the actual dynamic reaction functions of participants. Neither of the above seems to be commonly employed as a pure strategy.We also provide some support for the Axelrod view of 'tit-for-tat' as the most profitable strategy. 相似文献
4.
Joanna Mazur Peter C. Scheidt Mary D. Overpeck Yossi Harel Michal Molcho 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2013,20(3):179-182
The primary objective of the study was to examine the relationship between patterns in car-to-car crashes involving young drivers and car and driver characteristics and the research design was a national register-based prospective cohort study. Individual records in a cohort born 1970 – 1972 are linked to road-traffic-crash data (1988 – 2000). Subjects' first police-registered two-car crash leading to severe or fatal injury (n = 4875) are identified. Typical crash patterns are highlighted and associations between pattern and both car and individual socio-demographic characteristics are tested. Four crash patterns are highlighted. Male drivers and those with lower educational attainment are over-represented in all patterns. Pattern-based risk levels vary considerably according to car safety level and driver's age at time of injury and socio-economic status. Crash patterns might be considered in young adult driver education systems, bearing in mind the consistent higher risks of male drivers and of drivers with lower educational attainment. 相似文献
5.
Robert M. Feinberg 《Review of World Economics》2010,146(2):323-338
Previous research has suggested that the smallest firms are those most vulnerable to international competition, as measured
by exchange rate fluctuations and import shares. However, that work—and the overwhelming bulk of the empirical literature
on determinants of exit or firm survival—dealt entirely with the manufacturing sector of the economy. This paper analyzes
annual US data for 1989–2005 for about 50 wholesale and retail sectors to explain small firm exit rates in several employment
size categories. The main result is that wholesalers respond negatively to a stronger currency in a manner similar to that
of manufacturers, while retailers are generally unaffected. 相似文献
6.
This paper examines the issue of the effects of antitrust on pricing through two empirical studies. The first analyzes time series of prices in five industries involved in antitrust cases to determine whether the various stages of the antitrust process influenced pricing behavior. Some evidence of a ‘deterrent’ effect is found, with real prices lower than their pre-investigation level following the conclusion of the case; a major part of the pricing reaction occurs prior to the filing of formal charges. The second study provides additional evidence of the existence of such a ‘strategic’ reaction to the onset of investigation through an examination of prices in 23 industries investigated but not charged with price fixing. 相似文献
7.
Robert M. Feinberg 《Managerial and Decision Economics》1987,8(3):213-216
This paper uses data from the University of Michigan's Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine an owner–manager's labor-supply decision. Graphical analysis is used to motivate the central hypothesis tested, which is that the hourly wage paid to comparable hired managers is the marginal price of leisure to the owner–manager and will help determine his hours worked. The results suggest that this is an appropriate interpretation, with the average elasticity of hours-worked with respect to cost of comparable hired managerial services equal to + 0.23. 相似文献
8.
Market Power and Incentives to Form Research Consortia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It is well known that instability is a limit to the formation of cartels, and that some synergies are required to give cartel
members an advantage over outsiders. In this paper, we explore theoretically the linkage between cost-reduction alliances
(like research joint ventures) and the formation of cartels. The former have negative external impacts on outsiders, while
the latter have positive external effects on outside (independent) competitors. We find that when the decisions to join both
are made simultaneously the cartel can be profitable and stable for a smaller number of members than previously found for
cartel formation alone by Salant et al. (1983, Quarterly Journal of Economics 98, 185–199). This result follows both for open membership and exclusive membership rules, and suggests a possible anticompetitive
impact of research joint ventures. 相似文献
9.
We develop a model that examines the capital structure and investment decisions of regulated firms in a setting that incorporates two key institutional features of the public utilities sector in many countries: firms are partially owned by the state and regulators are not necessarily independent. Among other things, we show that regulated firms issue more debt, invest more, and enjoy higher regulated prices when they face more independent regulators, are more privatized, and when regulators are more pro‐firm. Moreover, regulatory independence, higher degree of privatization, and pro‐firm regulatory climate are associated with higher social welfare. 相似文献
10.
Tomer Kahan Yossi Bukchin Roland Menassa Irad Ben-Gal 《International Journal of Production Economics》2009,120(2):315
Automotive assembly lines are often characterized by robots’ failures that may result in stoppages of the lines and manual backup of tasks. The phenomena tend to impair throughput rate and products’ quality. This paper presents a backup strategy in which working robots perform tasks of failed robots. The proposed Mixed-Integer Linear-Programming based approach minimizes the throughput loss by utilizing the robots’ redundancy in the system. Two algorithms are developed to comply with stochastic conditions of a real-world environment. The performance of these algorithms is compared with several heuristics, and the downstream-backup based algorithm is found superior to all other methods. 相似文献