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ABSTRACT

The purpose of the current study is to investigate how attendees’ approach behavior is influenced by exhibitors’ dress conformity. A 2 × 2 between-subjects quasi-experimental design was utilized for this study. Our results showed that conforming dress for exhibitors can lead to a higher level of approach behavior of trade show attendees as compared with nonconforming dress, and the effect of exhibitors’ dress styles on approach behavior is moderated by attendees’ self-construal. Findings of this study provide significant insights for trade show exhibitors and attendees.  相似文献   
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This paper measures the alterations that have occurred in equity market correlations for six major internationally active stock exchanges between 1980 and 1987. The markets are chosen so as to allow for geographical diversity while still accounting for almost ninety percent of total worldwide equity market capitalization. The VAR variance decomposition technique is used to measure intermarket linkage patterns. We find substantial alterations in intermarket linkage patterns occurring over the 1980s. While the US market (the New York Stock Exchange) is still the dominant financial force in world equities trading, other markets (particularly those in the Pacific Basin region) now account for an increasing impact on observed index correlations in the system. This paper suggests that world financial integration is, in part, responsible for the altered linkage patterns observed over the 1980s.  相似文献   
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Small-scale fisheries in developing countries are often perceived as being a low-productivity and backward informal sector. As a result they are rarely considered in poverty reduction programmes and rural development planning. In this paper, we investigate the dual role of fish as a food and cash crop through data collected in river fisheries in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Fishing in this very remote rural region of DRC is operated both by men and women, as part of a household multiple activity livelihood strategy. The data shows that poor households rely heavily on fishing for their supply of protein-rich food, in particular through women’s subsistence catches. Fishing also appears to be the main source of cash-income for the majority of households, including local farmers. Based on these findings and a review of the literature, the paper argues that small-scale fisheries can play a fundamental role in local economies, especially in remote rural areas where they strengthen significantly the livelihoods of people through their role in both food security and cash-income generation.  相似文献   
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Abstract

Aims: Switching drug manufacturers in transplant patients may require an increased intensity of therapeutic monitoring, leading to additional healthcare visits, associated laboratory tests, and perhaps hospitalizations. As real-world studies examining the interchangeability of tacrolimus from different manufacturers are limited, the purpose of this study was to examine the healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and economic impact of tacrolimus-switching in kidney transplantation.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional, retrospective study examined HRU and healthcare costs (HCCs) among patients with a kidney transplant who were prescribed tacrolimus from fixed-source (FS) vs variable-source (VS) manufacturers using claims data from the large US health plan Humana from October 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013.

Results: Overall, 1,024 patients were identified (FS: n?=?674, 66%; VS: n?=?350, 34%). The number of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) events for the VS group was 13% greater than for the FS group after controlling for demographics, comorbidity score, and number of medications (incidence rate ratio?=?1.13, p?=?.033). Adjusted total HCCs were 9% lower for VS (US$28,054 vs US$30,823, p?=?.045). In the unadjusted analysis, VS had greater emergency department (ED) utilization (45% vs 35%, p?<?.002). In the VS group, the mean (standard deviation [SD]) number of days from manufacturer switch to first outpatient visit was 23.8 (33.6), and the number of days (SD) to first TDM event was 43.6 (56.2).

Limitations: Study limitations include the lack of availability of many transplant-specific variables within the Humana database, potential errors/omissions in claims coding, and restriction of cross-sectional data examination to a 1-year period.

Conclusions: VS patients had greater TDM and lower total HCCs. Further research is warranted to understand the drivers of ED use among the VS group, and to determine factors associated with delayed TDM after regimen modification. Opportunities may exist to improve the quality of care for patients receiving immunosuppressant treatment with tacrolimus.  相似文献   
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Zusammenfassung Die Integration der Eurodollar-und US-Geldmarkts?tze auf dem Terminmarkt. —In diesem Aufsatz wird die Beziehung zwischen den Termins?tzen für Eurodollars, amerikanische Schatzwechsel und amerikanische verbriefte Termineinlagen untersucht. Dabei wird die Granger-Kausalit?t unter Verwendung der t?glichen Preis?nderungen für Kontrakte zum Juni, September und Dezember {dy1982} getestet. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, da\ sich die Preise auf den Terminm?rkten für Eurodollars und für amerikanische Geldmarktinstrumente gleichzeitig anpassen, ganz im Gegensatz zum Kassamarkt. Dieses unterschiedliche Verhalten beider M?rkte kann durch institutionelle Hindernisse (z. B. Restriktionen bei der Zulassung von Banken und hinsichtlich der Kapitalstr?me), strukturelle Besonderheiten der M?rkte (Mindestbetr?ge für Transaktionen und die Marktmacht einiger Banken) und/oder Transaktionskosten erkl?rt werden. Die Bildung von Terminm?rkten in den Vereinigten Staaten und in Gro\britannien k?nnte dazu beitragen, die Zahl der Marktteilnehmer auf den internationalen Geldm?rkten zu vergr?\ern und bisher bestehende Marktunvollkommenheiten zu verringern.
Résumé L’intégration des taux d’intérêt du marché monétaire des E.U. et d’Eurodollar sur les marchés à terme. —Cet article analyse la relation entre les opérations à terme d’Eurodollar, des bons du Trésor des E.U. et des certificats de dép?t sur des contrats à terme des banques locales des E.U. Les auteurs appliquent les procédures de causalité de Granger et utilisent les données sur les changements des prix quotidiens pour les opérations en Juin, Septembre et Décembre 1982. Ils conclurent que les prix des opérations à terme d’Eurodollar et d’instrument financier du marché monétaire des E.U. changent simultanément. Sur le marché au comptant, cependant, il y a une évidence répétée que des ajustements de prix ne sont pas simultanés. La conduite dissimilaire sur les deux marchés peut être expliquée par la présence des barrières institutionelles (par exemple des restrictions sur l’entrée des banques et sur les flux des capitaux), par des caractéristiques de la structure de marché (le volume minimum des transactions et le pouvoir de marché de quelques banques), et/ou des frais de transaction. L’établissement des marchés à terme dans les E.U. aussi bien que dans le R.U. peut contribuer à augmenter le nombre des participants sur les marchés monétaires internationaux et peut reduire des imperfections quelconques qui peut-être avaient existé dans le passé.

Resumen Integración de las tasas de interés de los mercados eurodólar y monetario de los EEUU a los mercados de futuro. —En este artículo se analiza la relación entre los contratos a futuro del eurodólar, valores del Tesoro de los EEUU y los C.D. de la banca doméstica norteamericana. Se utilizan los procedimientos de causalidad de Granger y los datos son los cambios diarios de precios para los contratos de junio, septiembre y diciembre de 1982. Este articulo concluye que la relación de los cambios de precios de los instrumentos financieros de contratos a futuro entre el eurodólar y el mercado monetario de los EEUU es contemporánea. En los mercados en efectivo, sin embargo, hay evidencia repetida que se producen ajustes de precios no-contemporáneos. El comportamiento disímil de ambos mercados se puede explicar por la presencia de barreras institucionales (p.ej. restricciones en la entrada de bancos y flujos de capitales), caracteres estructurales de mercado (tama?o mínimo de las transacciones y poder de mercado de algunos bancos), y/o costos de transacción. El establecimiento de mercados de futuro tanto en EEUU como en el Reino Unido podría servir para incrementar el número de participantes en los mercados monetarios internacionales y puede conducir a una reducción de cualquier imperfección de mercado que pueda haber existido en el pasado.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of managers' autonomy in choosing a capital budgeting project has on their confidence in managing the project. Furthermore, this study examines the role that internal audit reports and accountability play in mitigating the impact of autonomy on managers' resistance to abandoning unprofitable capital budgeting projects. Building on motivated reasoning theory, we hypothesize and find that managers who are given autonomy to choose their own projects are more confident that their projects will be successful than managers who are assigned the projects by their superiors. This study also shows that internal audit reports and accountability are effective mechanisms for reducing the influence of prior decisions on managers' resistance to abandoning unprofitable projects.  相似文献   
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Environmental education and awareness training can help to develop and encourage a transition to a greener corporate culture. A series of environmental education and awareness training programmes of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited (HSBC) (Hong Kong) was used as a case study to assess how learning transfers through nature‐based environmental education and awareness training and to investigate the possible outcomes of providing nature‐based training to employees. Evaluation of the training outcomes, in terms of changes in employees’ environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, was surveyed by using retrospective post‐ and then‐test questionnaires. Results showed that employees who joined these programmes gained knowledge and changed their values and behaviour towards the environment significantly. The study also indicated the establishment of trust in and satisfaction with the organization among employees through the training, which in turn promoted employees’ organizational commitment towards corporate sustainability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment  相似文献   
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