Victoria E. Dye. All Aboard for Santa Fe: Railway Promotion of the Southwest, 1890s to 1930s. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005. xi + 163 pp. ISBN 0-8263-3657-4, $24.95 (cloth).

All Aboard covers the Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe (AT&SF)railroad’s attempts to promote tourism in the Southwest.The emphasis is on New Mexico, particularly Santa Fe and, asa separate narrative, Albuquerque. Interestingly, the AT&SFdid not pass through Santa Fe. In the 1870s, when the companyplanned a route from Dodge City, Kansas, to Colorado, whereabundant fuel could be loaded, to New Mexico then to California,the foothill town of     

DETERMINANTS OF SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND PERFORMANCE IN BULGARIA: THE ROLE OF INCOME AMONG THE POOR AND RICH

Where credit markers are incomplete, households must finance educational investments out of past savings or current earnings. Poor households, with low savings and low current income, may accordingly be highly constrained in their educational choices, whereas richer households are not. The commonly used log-expenditures specification of the relationship of income to school enrollment may therefore be imprecise. Using data from the 1995 Bulgarian Integrated Household Survey, this analysis shows that the roughly 50% of Bulgarian households with expenditures per adult-equivalent of less than 5,000 Leva (1995 prices) are financially constrained in their educational choices, while richer households are not.     

STATE DRUG CONTROL SPENDING AND ILLICIT DRUG PARTICIPATION

The purpose of this article is to estimate the effect of state criminal justice expenditures and state public health expenditures on deterring illicit drug use. The empirics are based on a demand-and-supply model of drug markets. The effect of a given expenditure on criminal justice or public health programs is dependent on the magnitude of the resulting shifts in the two functions and the demand price elasticity. A reduced form of the demand-and-supply model is also estimated. The data employed come from the 1990 and 1991 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Data on state and local spending for drug-related criminal justice and drug-related public health programs were merged with the NHSDA. The main findings from the regression results are that drug control spending reduces drug use. However, the results suggest that for marijuana users, the marginal cost of drug control exceeds the social benefits of drug control. This may not be the case for users of other illicit drugs. Spending for drug enforcement by police and drug treatment is found most effective in deterring drug use. However, spending for correctional facilities is never significant, which suggests that a more efficient method of reducing drug use might be to reduce correctional facilities spending and increase spending on treatment.     

The impact of NAFTA on California exports

This study conducts an examination of the North American Free Trade Agreement's (NAFTA) impact on California's export levels to Mexico and Canada while holding constant other variables that explain a state's exports to other nations, such as exchange rates and relative income growth. Transformed weighted least squares equations over a sample period between 1988 and 1997 are used to show that California's exports to Canada were not significantly affected by NAFTA, while exports to Mexico increased, on average, a statistically significant 16.11 percent between 1994 and 1997. The model also suggests that NAFTA's impact on California's exports to Mexico has increased over time from a 10.0 percent increase in 1994 to a 21.8 percent increase by 1997.This is a revised version of the paper presented at the Forty-Eighth International Atlantic Economic Conference, October 7–10, 1999, Montreal, Canada. The authors are grateful to the session participants and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive advice and suggestions in this revision.