Testing for spatial market integration and law of one price in Turkish wheat markets

This paper examines co-integration models in testing for spatial market integration and the Law of One Price (LOP) for Turkish wheat market. The multivariate co-integration tests show that there is one co-integrating vector in the system which implies that though the markets are integrated, the LOP does not hold. Vector error correction model restrictions tests also show that structural breaks have impacts on the long-run linkage among the prices. These results are important for wheat production policies and for wheat market liberalization considerations in the future.     

Understanding the Effectiveness of Positioning Bases With Regard to Customer Perceptions

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to identify whether brands positioned in customers’ minds with features, abstract, benefit, or surrogate bases differ in their favorability, credibility, and differentiation. First, focus group studies were conducted to determine attributes related with automobiles and to select the automobile brands. Then, a survey was conducted to examine the effectiveness of brands that have different positions in customers’ minds. A perceptual map was derived through correspondence analysis. Results of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests revealed that brands positioned on consumers’ minds with different positioning bases differ in their favorability, differentiation, and credibility.