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Although Nationalism, Ethnocentrism, and Individualism in Flanders have been the subject of several studies before, a longitudinal analysis has not been performed on all three concepts simultaneously nor have their relationships and the direction of their relationships been studied in continuous time. In this study we performed a continuous-time state-space analysis on panel data collected from 1274 subjects, in the years 1991, 1995 and 1999. The LISREL program is used for estimating the approximate discrete model (ADM), and for comparison, also the exact discrete model (EDM) is estimated by means of the Mx program. Details of continuous time modeling, especially the EDM and ADM, are dealt with. Individualism and Ethnocentrism turn out to be connected in a moderately strong feedback relationship with the effect from Individualism towards Ethnocentrism somewhat stronger than that in the opposite direction. Both Individualism and Ethnocentrism have small effects on Nationalism. The autoregression functions, cross-lagged effect functions, and mean predictions are shown. 相似文献
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James Gillies Jaak Leimann Rein Peterson 《Corporate Governance: An International Review》2002,10(3):175-186
It is now more than ten years since the dismantling of the USSR began, not only in terms of the reasserted independence of the member states, but also in terms of the end of the centralised Soviet command economy. The experiences of a myriad of investors, public and private, who have lost funds they so hopefully made available to emerging enterprises in the Eastern European states, particularly in Russia, have clearly demonstrated to Western observers the difficulties associated with making a transition from a command to a market economy. And yet the transformation in different states has had different degrees of success. For example, in Estonia, the strategies to move from a command to a market economy, adopted by the political leadership throughout the 1990s, have been relatively successful. In this article, the policies that led to this success are identified. It is believed that tentative generalisations from the experiences of Estonia may be helpful in determining the necessary conditions for successful change from a command to a market economy in other countries. To the extent that such transitions contribute to real economic growth, empirical evidence about the conditions necessary for their realisation provides general understanding of the forces underlying economic development. Moreover, it may well be that these generalisations can be used by private and public organisations to obtain a first indication of the probabilities of success of investments that they are contemplating making in a transitional economy, whether measured by return on capital, and/or contribution to general welfare. 相似文献
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This paper uses a Monte Carlo study to compare some DIFdetection techniques with respect to their ability to detect uniform aswell as nonuniform item bias.The techniques that are used in the comparison are the loglinearmodel, the logistic regression model, the signed and the unsignedarea between the item characteristic curves, the SOS1 and theSOS3 measure. A first Monte Carlo study was set up to assess theempirical distributions of the unsigned area (in the 2-PLM), theSOS1 and the SOS3 measures. A second simulation study compares all these techniques with respect to their ability to detect DIF. It was alsoinvestigated whether using a two-stage approachyields better results. 相似文献
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The objective of this paper is to study the stationarity of beta-coefficients of common stocks through time. Special attention is paid to the influence of errors in the estimated betas on various measures of stationarity. The results indicate that even for small porfolios the true betas (as opposed to estimated betas) are reasonably stable. 相似文献
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The hold period between the initial refusal and the follow-up conversion attempt may be used as a strategic tool to improve
conversion rates. We argue that longer hold periods result in better conversion rates, particularly among hard-to-convert
refusals. In this article we will first investigate to what extend and in which manner survey authorities exert this elapsed
time as an active survey instrument. Contact sheet data show that different national survey coordinators deploy different
strategies with regard to this hold period. In the Netherlands, intentional survey tactics can be disentangled, whereas Swiss
contact data show that the length of the hold period is a mere result other fieldwork conditions. Actual conversion success
seems to be consistently dependent upon the hold period between the initial refusal and the follow-up contact. 相似文献
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