旅游地文化空间及其演化机理

旅游活动的文化属性决定了旅游地本质上是为旅游者提供一个文化空间。从旅游地文化的空间研究转向空间的文化研究,并厘清旅游地文化空间的内涵及其演化机理,寻求旅游地的文化发展规律,有助于解决旅游规划与开发中"造文化、造景观"的困境。基于空间生产和景观生态学原理,以及旅游地文化空间的活态性,旅游地文化空间的时间和功能演化是由原居民的生产与生活空间演变为服务于旅游发展的生产与生活空间的过程。旅游地文化空间在形态上,则表现为文化节点、文化轴线、文化场、文化域面等基本空间形态的形成与演化。文化场作为最为重要的空间形态,它是旅游地进行生产、生活与服务的真实场景,体现了人与旅游景观的社会文化关系。     

Tourist-income multipliers for Turkey

Differential tourist-income multipliers were calculated for Turkey using conventional input-output methodology and standard linear equations. High values were obtained for the ratio multipliers demonstrating the importance of secondary effects to the Turkish economy. Results indicated that tourists who spent more on retail purchases and less on hotels and restaurants, had a greater propensity to generate more direct and induced income. Information on relative impacts and touristspending patterns could therefore be useful to the policy makers.     

Memory for implied versus directly stated advertising claims

An experiment tested young adults' memory for advertising slogans that either stated a strong claim directly or only implied the same claim by stating it in a much weaker form. Several advertising slogans were inserted into a story. There were two versions of each slogan, asserted and implied. The asserted version made a claim very directly and strongly (e.g.Alka-Seltzer stops common aches). The implied version only suggested the stronger claim (e.g. Alka-Seltzer helps lessen common aches ). Subjects read the story, which contained one of the two versions of each ad. After subjects finished reading the story, they were asked to recall all the brands and products. Then they performed a multiple choice task testing memory for the content of the advertising claims. While results showed no difference on the recall task, subjects on the multiple choice task frequently falsely recognized implied claims as asserted but seldom the reverse. Although they correctly recognized more asserted than implied claims, they were more confident in their correct memory for the implied claims. Results were applied to the problem of deceptive advertising.     

Looking for a Few Good Men

Abstract . The extent to which differences exist across race/ethnicity, sex and service group in rates of retention and promotion of military officers is examined. Three separate statistical models capture differences in the possible effects of race/ethnicity on variation in retention and promotion rates. Ordinary least squares regression (OLS) was used to estimate the models employing cohort data from the period 1979–1988. All analyses were performed separately for men and women. The models exhibited greater explanatory power for men than for women. The empirical results were used to develop predictions of the numbers of individuals that will be retained from each cohort during the next decade. Predicted distributions of officers across grades were also generated for each cohort. Results indicate that while retention rates for minorities appear high, little change in the demographic composition of higher grades is likely if current recruitment, and promotion practices continue. Thus, programs designed to increase the numbers of women and ethnic minorities in the officer corps should focus on recruitment rather than retention. Lastly, recommendations for future research to expand and support these preliminary analyses are presented.     

Barriers to sustainability for small and medium enterprises in the framework of sustainable development—Literature review

The objective of this article is to analyze the barriers faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) when implementing initiatives for sustainable development. For this purpose, a search equation was designed, and the 50 highest cited articles from the search results in Scopus between years 2013 and 2017 were reviewed. The selected criteria for the article analysis were article name, article year, country, continent, journal, Scimago Journal Rank, Scimago Quartiles, Affiliated Universities, abstract, and keywords. Among the main results, 175 barriers to sustainability for SMEs were identified. The barriers that appeared most frequently were lack of resources, the high initial capital cost of implementing sustainability measures, and lack of expertise. At the end of the article, a proposal is included which shows the 175 identified barriers, classified by “sector,” “sustainability tool,” and “internal/external” which can aid in new qualitative and quantitative studies of barriers to sustainability in SMEs.     

The Effects of a New WTO Agreement on Canada's Chicken Market: A Differentiated Products Modeling Approach

Current World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations include proposals that would affect the trade barriers protecting Canada's chicken producers from foreign competition. This research analyzes the effects of the most recent proposals to emerge from WTO negotiations on Canada's chicken industry. We develop a partial‐equilibrium model that generates welfare effects for the Canadian chicken industry supply chain. The baseline model is adapted to represent chicken as two distinct products: white meat and dark meat. Simulation results suggest that the welfare effects of current WTO proposals would be small, providing that chicken receives the sensitive products designation. Liberalization leads to higher total welfare in the chicken industry, which is accounted for by consumer welfare that increases by a larger amount than producer welfare decreases. The results are very sensitive to the disaggregation of chicken as two products; a finding that should inform future research.     

Hunting while working: An expanded model of employed job search

Major theoretical models of job search fail to consider the changing nature of careers, the influence of the internet as a job search tool, and the diverse objectives for employed job search. Consequently, the study of employed job search has been largely confined to turnover research. We add to existing theory by providing a typology of employed search objectives based on modifying employment conditions (separation-seeking, change-seeking, leverage-seeking), contagion (mimetic-seeking) and employability (knowledge-seeking, network-seeking) and offer propositions related to the antecedents and implications for each objective. This classification offers an alternative explanation for previous research findings, provides a framework for future study, and has practical implications for employee retention and recruitment.     

The use of lodging ratios in tourism

This paper presents an analysis of the lodging industry in Victoria, Canada, using standard accounting procedures. It provides detailed information on the supply side of the tourist industry. Meaningful categories were derived by categorizing the sample of hotels and motels into four groups according to their ratios of food and beverage sales to room sales rather the conventional aggregations used by the lodging industry. Cost-volume-profit (C-V-P) analysis was used to compare the break-even charts of the four groups. Information on risk was also obtained by an extension of the analysis using probabilistic C-V-P measures. It is concluded that information at this level of aggregation is important to decision-makers involved in overall tourism planning as well as to management of individual facilities.