Mark-Choose-Cut Algorithms For Fair And Strongly Fair Division

This paper proposes a new criterion to evaluate algorithms for cake division, by the number of resulting pieces. Then, inspired by the idea of "cut-and-choose", we present "mark-choose-cut" algorithms for fair and strongly fair cake division problems. They are game-theoretic algorithms. The number of resulting pieces is bounded by 2 × 3n-2 + 1 and 4 × 3n-2 + 1, for fair and strongly fair division respectively.     

USE OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FOR A SHORT-TERM ECONOMETRIC MODEL: 1954–1966

A quarterly macro-econometric model of Japan's postwar economy has been constructed for the period 1954–1965 FY on the basis of standardized quarterly national income accounts. The model is designed for facilitating short-term economic forecasting and formulating adequate fiscal and monetary policy. Longer-term factors such as labor mobility, technical progress, etc., were also considered in the model.
The model consists of fifty-three equations related to most of the macroeconomic variables in both money and real terms, and the equations were estimated in principle by the limited information maximum likelihood method. Principal exogenous variables related to policy instruments are government expenditures including transfers, parameters of tax functions, interest rate, and prices and fares controlled by the government, etc. In formulating the model, non-linear specifications were used whenever found necessary.
Results of our testing on its predictive capability indicated fairly satisfactory performances for our observation period and also for 1966 FY. Multipliers related to fiscal and monetary policy were also obtained, indicating the dynamic characteristics of the Japanese economy, in particular, represented by dynamic business fixed investment, as compared with corresponding multipliers of the U.S. models.
Although the model is exploratory and to serve as a core for a more disaggregated "Master Model," the usefulness of the model for our purposes and the workability of our quarterly national accounts data for model-building have been recognized. The quarterly data, however, still remain to be improved especially in regard to consistency between income and expenditure and integration with flow-of-funds accounts.     

An International Comparison of Leontief Input-Output Coefficients and its Application to Structural Growth Patterns

Empirical sectoral analyses of a standard development pattern have focused upon changes in the value added, disregarding the structural changes in intermediate input. In a more comprehensive approach to the production function, the present paper analyses both sectoral intermediate inputs and the value added by using 45 input-output tables to discover a standard pattern of the changes in the input-output coefficients as an economy develops. The major findings are first a U-shape pattern of the average value added ratio and, conversely, an inverse U-shape pattern of the average intermediate input ratio. Secondly, as compared with principal input coefficients that are broadly stable, supplementary input coefficients exhibit the non-linear trends of an inverse U shape contributed by a rising trend in agriculture in the early stages, and a growing energy cost in most sectors, although this is partly offset by mild U shapes of transport and distribution costs. A similar inverse U-shape pattern is implied for the Leontief multiplier.