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1.
A. Opocher 《Metroeconomica》1986,38(3):215-227
Abstract. In this paper we examine the measure of terms of trade changes, adjusted to take re-export trade into account, proposed by Lloyd and Sandilands (1985), and introduce two additional (but very basic) complications: a positive rate of growth and substitutability between imports and the domestic factor(s). We show that in such cases one can no longer establish a precise analogy with the traditional measure, and argue that the very notion of « a terms of trade change » becomes somewhat ambiguous. As an alternative view, we derive a measure of the impact of international price changes on what will be called « trade augmented » productivity; such a measure will be based on the movements of the wage-rate of profit frontier.  相似文献   
2.
This technical paper provides a definition of ‘commodity content’ in extended von Neumann–Morishima models of production. Our definition admits as special cases the classical definition of ‘labour values’ in Leontief models, as well as Morishima's definition of ‘optimal values’ in a von Neumann model. Proper joint production, heterogeneous labour, durable consumption goods, household activities and disposal processes are all allowed for. We also propose a tentative mathematical criterion for defining bads and for distinguishing between unskilled and skilled labour.  相似文献   
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When a set of industries is kept in long‐run equilibrium, it is never possible to change just one price at a time. But when various (or all) prices are changing, the direction of change of any one price can depend on the numéraire adopted. What does it mean, then, to say that a long‐run supply curve is upward (or downward) sloping? Can this qualitative property be independent of the numéraire in terms of which the product price is being measured? In general, it cannot.  相似文献   
5.
Optimal safety stock levels of subassemblies and manufacturing components   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
In order to control the time to market and manufacturing costs, companies produce and purchase many parts and components before receiving customer orders. Consequently, demand forecasting is a critical decision process. Using modular product design and super bills of materials are two effective strategies for developing a reliable demand forecasting process. They reduce the probability of stockouts in diversified production contexts. Furthermore, managing and controlling safety stocks for pre-assembled modules provide an effective solution to the problem of minimizing the effects of forecast errors. This paper develops, evaluates, and applies innovative cost-based analytical models so that the optimal safety stock of modular subassemblies and components in assembly to order and manufacturing to order systems, respectively, can be rapidly quantified. The implementation of the proposed models in two industrial case applications demonstrates that they significantly reduce the safety stock inventory levels and the global logistical cost.  相似文献   
6.
Starting from Samuelson's famous 1962 Surrogate Production Function, we show that some such functions are perfectly consistent with a ‘return of the machine type’. This is so when we introduce a distinctly conventional possibility—that of machine–labour substitution—instead of Samuelson's fixed proportions, within every technique. We also show that, in the presence of two primary inputs, the surrogate model can give distinctly unconventional primary input use/input price relations at the level of the consumer good industry, even if the rate of interest is identically null.  相似文献   
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Received May 5, 2000; revised version received November 11, 2000  相似文献   
8.
Abstract

Both J. S. Mill and A. Marshall had a lifelong interest in the living conditions of the working classes and theorized the possibility of a new age, characterized by a widespread mental and moral cultivation. This paper compares the precise arguments put forward by them in the period ranging from Mill's to Marshall's Principles, against the background of the evidence of social and human progress at their times. It is argued that, at different stages and with different specific arguments, their predictions relied on self-reinforcing mechanisms, in which a better life was the cause, no less than the effect, of progress. In order to make similarities and differences more transparent from a logical point of view, two simple mathematical formulations are proposed.  相似文献   
9.
The significance of ‘reswitching’—that great symbolic issue of the Cambridge capital debates—has sometimes been denied on the ground of a low probability. This article investigates the industry‐level return, in different equilibria, of the use of one or more (or all) inputs. Such phenomena, which we call ‘recurrence’, are generically far more probable than the return of a whole economy‐level technique and can be triggered, not only by a change in the interest rate, but also by a change in relative primary input prices. Since recurrence alone, without reswitching, is damaging to standard marginalist conceptions, one should not attribute too much importance to any low ‘probability of reswitching’.  相似文献   
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