越南革新开放的历程及特点

越南南北经济统一后,迅速建立起高度集中的计划经济体制。集权体制导致国民经济濒于崩溃。在国内外诸多因素作用和推动下,1986年底越南着手革新传统计划体制。经过10多年的改革,越南取得了举世瞩目的成就。其主要经验有:确立了符合社会发展规律的社会主义发展阶段;采取了符合本国实际的转轨方式;具有科学的理论和正确的思想路线作指导。     

GP algorithm versus hybrid and mixed neural networks

In the current paper, we present an integrated genetic programming (GP) environment called java GP modelling. The java GP modelling environment is an implementation of the steady-state GP algorithm. This algorithm evolves tree-based structures that represent models of inputs and outputs. The motivation of this paper is to compare the GP algorithm with neural network (NN) architectures when applied to the task of forecasting and trading the ASE 20 Greek Index (using autoregressive terms as inputs). This is done by benchmarking the forecasting performance of the GP algorithm and six different autoregressive moving average model (ARMA) NN combination designs representing a Hybrid, Mixed Higher Order Neural Network (HONN), a Hybrid, Mixed Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), a Hybrid, Mixed classic Multilayer Perceptron with some traditional techniques, either statistical such as a an ARMA or technical such as a moving average convergence/divergence model, and a naïve trading strategy. More specifically, the trading performance of all models is investigated in a forecast and trading simulation on ASE 20 time-series closing prices over the period 2001–2008, using the last one and a half years for out-of-sample testing. We use the ASE 20 daily series as many financial institutions are ready to trade at this level, and it is therefore possible to leave orders with a bank for business to be transacted on that basis. As it turns out, the GP model does remarkably well and outperforms all other models in a simple trading simulation exercise. This is also the case when more sophisticated trading strategies using confirmation filters and leverage are applied, as the GP model still produces better results and outperforms all other NN and traditional statistical models in terms of annualized return.     

Managing complexity and change in tourism: the case of a historic city†

Europe's historic cities face many challenges, including those associated with growing pressure from tourist interest. This paper reviews the general issues for historic cities with significant tourist activity, and then examines the background, purposes and future direction of the English city of Canterbury's visitor management initiative. An open, soft systems model is used to clarify the differing significance of the initiative for selected stakeholder groups with interests in the city, its society, economy, environment and ecology. The significance of the Canterbury City Centre Initiative for other European walled and historic cities is considered briefly in the context of wider town centre management initiatives, and the linkages to wider city planning processes that it exemplifies. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Conceptualizing visitor satisfaction management in heritage settings: an exploratory blueprinting analysis of Leeds Castle, Kent

Historic buildings are central to the cultural identity of European nations, many are also important tourist attractions, but their internal configurations are idiosyncratic, with steep narrow stairways, many passageways and tiny windows. These conditions present contemporary heritage managers with a range of problems relating to conservation, as well as presentation and visitor management. This paper examines the relationship between service design concepts and the management of visitors' experiences and satisfaction within a heritage setting, applying a modified service blueprinting approach, based on visit diaries and interviews with management, in an exploratory study of Leeds Castle, one of Britain's oldest historic houses. The limitations of the research method are considered, and the paper discusses the need for further research into the management of visitor experiences in the heritage sector of tourism.     

Income and Fiscal Incidence by Age and Gender: Some Evidence from New Zealand

With many fiscal policies likely to have quite different age/gender incidences, this paper examines age and gender dimensions of income distribution and fiscal incidence in New Zealand using Household Economic Survey data for 2010. Applying, and testing, an intra‐household income sharing rule, our evidence suggests strong life‐cycle and gender aspects to fiscal incidence. Net tax liabilities are found to be low and negative, at younger and older ages but positive during much of the “working age.” Notwithstanding considerable within‐gender heterogeneity, women are found on average to have systematically and persistently lower net fiscal liabilities than men, especially at older ages.