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1.
Experiments in Environmental Economics and Some Close Relatives 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract. It is not only the great number of papers written on environment economics that make it worth dealing with this special branch of experimental research, but the environmental problem in all its facets seems to serve as a catalyst for identifying some methodological problems of the experimental method. For this reason, we will not only try to give an overview of recent experiments in environmental economics but also add some thoughts on the methodological implications of this work. We identify three direct connecting factors for the experimental method and environmental economics. First, social dilemmas are, in many cases, at the core of environmental problems. Experiments are able to test theoretical hypotheses for individual behavior in such social dilemma situations. The second connecting factor comes from the field of applied experimental work and can be characterized as the testbedding of institutional arrangements for the solution of environmental problems. The last direct application of experimental methods to environmental economics concerns the individual evaluation of environmental resources. 相似文献
2.
Matthias Dischinger Bodo Knoll Nadine Riedel 《International Tax and Public Finance》2014,21(2):248-271
This paper stresses the special role of multinational headquarters in corporate profit shifting strategies. Using a large panel of European firms, we show that multinational enterprises (MNEs) are reluctant to shift profits away from their headquarters even if these are located in high-tax countries. Thus, shifting activities in response to corporate tax rate differentials between parents and subsidiaries are found to be significantly larger if the parent has a lower corporate tax rate than its subsidiary and profit is thus shifted towards the headquarter firm. This result is in line with recent empirical evidence which suggests that MNEs bias the location of profits and highly profitable assets in favor of the headquarter location. 相似文献
3.
Magdalena Öberseder Bodo B. Schlegelmilch Patrick E. Murphy Verena Gruber 《Journal of Business Ethics》2014,124(1):101-115
Researchers and companies are paying increasing attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs and the reaction to them by consumers. Despite such corporate efforts and an expanding literature exploring consumers’ response to CSR, it remains unclear how consumers perceive CSR and which “Gestalt” consumers have in mind when considering CSR. Academics and managers lack a tool for measuring consumers’ perceptions of CSR (CPCSR). This research explores CPCSR and develops a measurement model. Based on qualitative data from interviews with managers and consumers, the authors develop a conceptualization of CPCSR. Subsequently, model testing and validating occurs on three large quantitative data sets. The conceptualization and the measurement scale can assist companies to assess CPCSR relative to their performance. They also enable managers in identifying shortcomings in CSR engagement and/or communication. Finally, the paper discusses implications for marketing practice and future research. 相似文献
4.
The MNC as an externally embedded organization: An investigation of embeddedness overlap in local subsidiary networks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
MNCs have been conceptualized as differentiated networks that, in turn, are embedded in external networks. Previous research has predominantly focused on the embeddedness of established subsidiaries into their local environment, omitting to shed light on the phenomenon of headquarters linkages to the local context which creates embeddedness overlap. We develop a model of why MNCs develop overlapping linkages to local subsidiary networks even if the subsidiaries have grown out of the initial start-up phase. Using detailed information on 168 European subsidiaries, we find that MNCs build and maintain more overlapping network ties when subsidiaries are high performers, hold important resources, operate in turbulent environments, and are closely connected to multinational actors as opposed to purely domestic firms. 相似文献
5.
Dr. Stefan Jarolimek Arthur Dubowicz B.A. Janine Greyer B.A. Julia Kunkel B.A. Roman Obst B.A. Alexander Sängerlaub B.A. Christin Schink B.A. Tobias Thobaben B.A. Mandy Vogt B.A. 《Publizistik》2010,55(4):405-425
In the second half of 2009, the entire media agenda in Germany was dominated by the swine flu, next to the German Federal Parliament elections. Criticism was voiced in the media against the pharmaceutical industry for lobbying the nationwide swine flu vaccination, which was widely considered nothing but a product of the industry’s lobbying power. In order to avoid the usual interviews with lobbyists, we attempted to apply a new methodological framework approach in analysing lobbying processes and key stakeholders in the public sphere—and outside. Crucial to the diversified approach, which involves quantitative content analysis of media coverage and press releases, are interviews with journalists, lobbyists’ network analysis and internet research on biographies. Although a conspiracy could not be conclusively proven, the results do indicate associations that validate the criticism of the industry’s lobbying activities. 相似文献
6.
Der Klimawandel und das globale ?ffentliche Gut Klimaschutz genie?en gro?e Aufmerksamkeit in der ?ffentlichen Debatte. Klimaschutz
verursacht jedoch Kosten und es stellt sich die Frage, was die Menschen in Deutschland tats?chlich für Klimaschutz bereit
sind zu zahlen. Dieser Beitrag stellt eine neue Studie zur Ermittlung der realen Zahlungsbereitschaft für Klimaschutz vor
und diskutiert die Ergebnisse aus der Perspektive der Klimapolitik. 相似文献
7.
8.
Dr. H. Vogt 《Metrika》1970,16(1):206-235
Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit ist die gekürzte Fassung einer Dissertation, die vom Autor 1968 unter gleichem Titel in Würzburg ver?ffentlicht
wurde.
Es ist nicht sinnovll, Mittelwerte für zuf?llige Variable auf der Sph?re in der üblichen Weise, wie z. B. für zuf?llige Variable
auf der reellen Achse, zu definieren.
W. Uhlmann [1964] bediente sich entscheidungstheoretischer Begriffe, um für zirkul?re zuf?llige Variable mittlere Winkel zu definieren,
die ihre Richtung unabh?ngig von der Wahl der Null-Richtung beibehalten. Die analoge Invarianzeigenschaft wird für alle hier
definierten Mittelwertbegriffe (mittlere Richtung, mittlerer Gro?kreis, Mittelachse, Mittelkreis) gesichert, indem einfache
Forderungen an die zu verwendenden Verlustfunktionen gestellt werden. Da als Sch?tzungen für diese Mittelwerte stets die entsprechenden
Mittelwerte der empirischen Verteilung auftreten, haben diese auch die gleiche Invarianzeigenschaft. Um die Diskrepanz zwischen
einer solchen Sch?tzung und dem zu sch?tzenden Mittelwert zu messen, werden neue Verlustfunktionen eingeführt. Es wird gezeigt,
da? alle eingeführten Sch?tzungen bezüglich mindestens einer Verlustfunktion unverf?lscht sind, d. h. der erwartete Verlust
wird minimal, wenn wir aus allen in Frage kommenden Objekten gerade den betreffenden Mittelwert gesch?tzt werden lassen. Dieser
minimale Verlust wird die Dispersion der Sch?tzung bezüglich dieser Verlustfunktion genannt. Es wird bewiesen, da? alle ermittelten
Dispersionen mindestens wien
−1/2 gegen Null gehen, wenn n gegen Unendlich strebt.
Summary This paper is shortened from an equally entitled dissertation which has been published by the author in 1968 at Würzburg. For random variables on the sphere it would make no sense to define means in the usual way as it is done e. g. for random variables on the real line. Introducing concepts of decision theory,W. Uhlmann [1964] defined mean angles for circular random variables the direction of which does not depend on the choice of the zero direction. Setting up simple conditions for the loss functions to be used, we ensure that all the means defined in the paper (mean directions, mean great circles, mean axes, mean circles) have the analogous invariance property. The estimators of these means are always the corresponding means of the empirical distribution, defined with respect to the same loss function and therefore they have the invariance property too. To measure the discrepance between an estimator and the estimated mean, new loss functions are introduced. It is shown that all the established estimators are unbiased with respect to at least one loss function, i. e. the expected loss is a minimum, if we take just the mean from all the things in question to be estimated by the regarded estimator. This minimum loss is called the dispersion of the estimator with respect to this loss function. It is proved, that all the calculated dispersions go to zero at least asn −1/2, ifn tends to infinity.相似文献
9.
Competition among hospitals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examine competition in the hospital industry, in particular the effect of ownership type (for-profit, not-for-profit, government). We estimate a structural model of demand and pricing in the hospital industry in California, then use the estimates to simulate the effect of a merger. California hospitals in 1995 face an average price elasticity of demand of -4.85. Not-for-profit hospitals face less elastic demand and act as if they have lower marginal costs. Their prices are lower than those of for-profits, but markups are higher. We simulate the effects of the 1997 merger of two hospital chains. In San Luis Obispo County, where the merger creates a near monopoly, prices rise by up to 53%, and the predicted price increase would not be substantially smaller were the chains not-for-profit. 相似文献
10.