Working days in a London construction team in the eighteenth century: evidence from St Paul's Cathedral

This article provides new information and data on the work and pay of skilled and semi-skilled men on a large London construction project in the early 1700s. It offers firm-level evidence on the employment relation in the construction industry at the time and sheds some light on the number of days worked per year and per week, showing that employment was more irregular and seasonal than current estimates of income infer. The patterns are considered in the context of new debates about industriousness and economic growth.     

Exploring the interaction between incubators and industrial clusters: the case of the itri incubator in Taiwan

This article aims to explore the interaction between incubators and industrial clusters, which is an important linkage for local development but has not been analyzed in the literature. A model is proposed to describe this interaction. The Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) Incubator within the Hsinchu industrial cluster, the core of Taiwan's technology industries, is considered to be an empirical case. This case is investigated with the proposed model and methods including data analysis, in–depth interviews, manager surveys and stakeholder analysis. It was found that the clustering effect in the Hsinchu industrial cluster is main factor in the ITRI Incubator's development. The ITRI Incubator in turn reinforces the cluster in some aspects as feedback. This result confirms the existence and importance of this interaction in local development. It is recommended that government officials and incubator managers take account of this interaction in operating an incubator program and utilize the proposed model to analyze the incubator's contributions to its industrial cluster.     

Varietal Licensing Standards and Canadian Wheat Exports

Canada's wheat grading system is largely based on visual criteria and it is based on relatively high quality standards. A strict varieties licensing system exists to maintain the integrity of the grade standards. One of the consequences of the licensing system is that higher yielding, lower or different quality wheats have not been grown in Canada until recently. The basic objective of this paper is to examine some of the consequences of the regulatory strategy of limiting wheat production to the traditional high quality wheats. This question is analyzed in the context of important changes in the international grain markets. Using a partial equilibrium trade model this paper estimates that if higher yielding wheats were permitted to be grown, annual producer gains would be 5 to 17 percent of current net farm income.
Le classement des blés au Canada est basé sur des critères visuels qui sont de hautes qualités. Le système actuel d'homologation des variétés est tel que l'intégrité de ce système est maintenue. En conséquent, ce système n'a pas encouragé la cultivation des blés de hauts rendements ou des varietés différentes que tout récemment. L'objectif principal de cette étude est d'examiner quelques unes des conséquences de la stratégic de la réglementation visant à limiter la production du blé aux variétés de hautes qualités. Cette question est adressée dans le contexte des changements importants qui ont eu lieu dans le marché international des grains. A l'aide d'un modèle d'équilibre partiel des échanges, la présente étude démontre gu'en permettant la production des blés de hauts rendements, le gain annuel aux producteurs serait de 5 à 17 pourcent du revenue agricole net.     

我国银色市场开发现状分析及其营销建议

据中国老年协会分析，2000年我国60岁以上的老年人口已达到1.3亿，约占总人口的10.2%，世界新增加的老龄人口中有23%来自中国，这使我国提前进入了人口老龄化国家行列，统计表明，我国现有60岁以上的老年人每年以3%的速度增加，80岁以上的老年人以5%的速度增加，这意味着我国每年净增380多万60岁以上的老年人，50多万岁以上的老年人，这个快速增加的庞大老年群体，预示着在市场消费品需求中用于满足老年人的比重将不断增加，老年人所占市场消费份额的比例将越来越大，老年产品的消费总量将不断增加，在我国相对来说，老人在城市晨的比重普遍高于农村，而生活在城市里的老人大多数享有退休金，仅从这一点，有眼光的商家就可敏锐地感受到老年市场的庞大和潜力，同时随着社会经济的发展，老年人的收入普遍提高，以上海为列，退休金在351-600元的中等收入者占到62.4%，收入在600-900元乃至千元以上者占4.5%，180万的4.5%是多少？加上“老有所为”的再就业收入，老年人的购买实力是实实在在的存在的，我国老年人产品与服务的多种需求构成了一个十分丰富多彩的“银色市场”。     

新世纪毛泽东思想的探索与研究

新世纪研究毛泽东思想的现实意义是要坚持毛泽东思想与邓小平理论相结合;坚持毛泽东思想与创新精神相结合;坚持史与论相结合;坚持教学内容与教学对象相结合.毛泽东思想和毛泽东晚年的错误应区别开来.     

建设项目生态经济效益分析

从建设项目对生态经济的影响，建设项目生态经济的评价以及自然资源价值对建设项目评价的影响，论证了建设项目与生态经济对立统一的关系，提出了建设项目环境保护的重要性，建设性的提出了如何进行建设项目中的生态经济效益分析和评价，具有一定的现实意义。     

不同财务管理目标下业绩评价选择及其关系处理

从财务管理目标出发考察企业业绩评价方法的演变过程，是为了在它们之间建立一种联系。不同的财务管理目标下，企业的业绩评价选择会有很大的差异，而其总体趋势是选择综合业绩评价方法。在不同的财务管理目标下选择不同的业绩评价指标时，又要处理好三对关系：短期发展与长期发展、局部利益与全局利益、财务指标与非财务指标。