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1.
The house money effect predicts that individuals show increased risk-seeking behavior in the presence of prior windfall gains. Although the effect’s existence is widely accepted, experimental studies that compare individuals’ risk-taking behavior using house money to individuals’ risk-taking behavior using their own money produce contradictory results. This experimental field study analyzes the gambling behavior of 917 casino customers who face real losses. We find that customers who received free play at the entrance showed not higher but significantly lower levels of risk-taking behavior during their casino visit, expressed through lower average wagers. This study thus provides field evidence against the house money effect. Moreover, as a result of lower levels of risk seeking, endowed customers yield better economic results in the form of smaller own-money losses when leaving the casino. 相似文献
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For the last half century, trade theorists, development economists, and development practitioners have been calculating what was claimed to be the shadow price of scarce foreign exchange. In fact, what they have been calculating is the social value of the receipt of a unit of a numeraire good from abroad, typically obtained from real models. In our paper, we explicitly deal with a model of a monetized economy, and we develop formulas for the social value of a unit of foreign currency, which, in general, differ from the traditional formulas. 相似文献
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Some economists use an export tax, which alters the domestic relative price of exports, to model a voluntary export restraint, which is a restriction on the quantity of exports with restriction-induced rents accruing to the exporting country. Implicit in this approach is the presumption that the two policies are equivalent. In a very general model that allows for a finite number of goods and factors and intermediated goods and joint production, we demonstrate that, in general, this is, in fact, not the case. Specifically, from the exporting country’s perspective, the real income effects of the two policies are nonequivalent. 相似文献
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This article assesses the reasons that led a majority of French voters to reject the 29 October 2004 Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. Their reasons are less connected with the Treaty itself than with a fear of loss of national sovereignty, immigration, and relocation of firms to European countries where the workforce is cheaper. 相似文献
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Taking climate change as an example, this paper provides new insights on the optimal provision of a long-term public good
within and across generations. We write the Bowen–Lindhal–Samuelson (BLS) conditions for the optimal provision of the public
good in a world divided into N countries, with two periods, present and future, and we simultaneously determine the optimal response in the first and second
periods for a given rate of pure time preference. However, the Negishi weights at second period cannot be determined unambiguously,
even under a “no redistribution constraint” within each generation, because they depend on non-observable future incomes;
and thus on the answers to two often-overlooked ethical questions: (i) Do rich countries agree on deals which recognize that
developing countries may catch up with developed countries in the long run, or do they use their negotiating powers to preserve
the current balance of power? And (ii) does each country consider only the welfare of its own future citizens (dynastic solidarity)
or does it extend its concern to all future human beings (universal solidarity)? Answers to (i) and (ii)—critical in the debate
about how to correct the market failures causing global warming—define four sets of Negishi weights and intertemporal welfare
functions, which we interpret as four mandates that countries could give to the Chair of an international negotiation on climate
change to find an optimal solution. We find that in all mandates, public good provision expenditures are decreasing functions
of income at first period. But each mandate leads to a different allocation of expenditures at second period and to different
optimal levels of public good provision at both first and second periods. Finally, we show that only one of these four mandates
defines a space for viable compromises. 相似文献
10.
Momentum strategies of German mutual funds 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alexander Franck Andreas Walter Johannes F. Witt 《Financial Markets and Portfolio Management》2013,27(3):307-332
The existence of the momentum effect in stock returns has been documented for the US (e.g., Jegadeesh and Titman in J. Finance 48(1), 65–91, 1993) and many other national equity markets worldwide (e.g., Griffin et al. in J. Finance 58(6), 2515–2547, 2003). However, little is known about the active employment of momentum strategies among institutional investors outside the US. This paper provides first evidence of momentum behavior among German mutual funds. We find the fund trades to follow stock returns on an aggregated institutional level. Moreover, we detect significant momentum behavior among funds with a European and global equity focus, as well as among funds predominantly investing in Asia. In contrast, German funds do not seem to engage in momentum strategies when trading domestic stocks. While only half the funds in our sample trade in accordance with past returns, 66 % of the funds within the largest size quintile follow momentum strategies. Finally, we do not find momentum trading funds to outperform the other funds. 相似文献