Decentralization and the search for policy solutions

We use mathematical and computational models to analyze theability of federated organizations to solve difficult problems.Federated organizations may have some inherent advantages forsolving difficult problems since they can empower multiple subunitsto search for policy solutions in parallel and exploit and combinethe mutual information discovered by the subunits to revealeven better solutions. We find that the benefits of these methodsof experimentation first increase and then decrease as the problemof finding good policies increases in difficulty.     

Policy modes,firms and the natural environment

This paper examines how different environmental policy types differentially impact firms and why firms vary in their responses to such policies. Based on the mechanisms embedded in policy instruments to create incentives for firms to comply, the characteristics of benefits/costs that policies impose on firms and the institutional context in which policy instruments were created and are sustained, the paper identifies five policy categories. These are category I (command and control), category II (market based), category III (mandatory information disclosures), category IV (business–government partnerships) and category V (private voluntary codes). Different policy types often bestow asymmetrical benefits/costs on firms. Some benefits/costs may constitute ‘private/club goods’ while others may constitute ‘public goods’. Drawing insights from public policy literature, the paper argues that firms can be expected to favor policies whose benefits have the characteristics of private/club goods but the costs of public goods. Thus, understanding the nature of benefits/costs (private/club versus public) and the magnitude of their excludability is critical in explaining the variations in firms' responses. To understand how managers perceive the nature of benefits/costs (monetary as well as non‐monetary), the paper draws on theories and perspectives in the business and public policy field. In doing so, the paper examines the ‘demand’ and the ‘supply’ sides as well as the market and non‐market environments of a given policy. Thus, the paper makes a case for a multi‐theoretic approach to understand variations in managerial assessments of benefits/costs, and consequently variations in their responses to various policy types. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Exact welfare measurement for double-log demand with partial adjustment

This paper demonstrates that a double-log demand with partial adjustment (DLPA) is consistent with the theory of consumer utility maximization. It offers an approach for calculating the compensating variation (CV), the exact welfare effect of a change in a price series when a DLPA is employed. Significant bias may result if the CV is based on a static double-log demand when a DLPA function is appropriate. We revisit a recent study of demand for gasoline in the U.S., finding that the CV based on the static double-log would overstate the welfare effect of a 6-month temporary gasoline tax by 7.5%.