Eurosystem monetary targeting: Lessons from U.S. data

Using a small empirical model of inflation, output, and money estimated on U.S. data, we compare the relative performance of monetary targeting and inflation targeting. The results show monetary targeting to be quite inefficient, yielding both higher inflation and output variability. This is true even with a nonstochastic money demand formulation. Our results are also robust to using a P∗ model of inflation. Therefore, in these popular frameworks, there is no support for the prominent role given to money growth in the Eurosystem's monetary policy strategy.     

Success Determinants when Tendering for International Consulting Projects

A unique database on individual proposals is used to analyse competition among consulting firms (CFs) for international projects. CFs, which sell services based on human capital, focus on developing countries when operating abroad and, thereby, are highly dependent on development agencies (DAs). The DAs have strict tender rules and claim that skill and experience are the most important factors when proposals are evaluated. Both economic theory and the results of the estimations suggest, however, that long-term relationships (LTRs) between the CFs and the clients are at least as important as traditional skill and experience factors. The LTRs are here measured by means of information about whether the CF has previously worked for the client (repeat purchases) or has visited the client. The results indicate that the client in some cases has pre-decided which CF to select. The client invites several CFs to compete for the tender anyway, either because he is forced to do so by the financier, or because he wants to subject an old supplier to competitive pressure. As the tender rules do not seem to be followed, a policy implication would be that the DAs can skip, or at least relax, their strict tender rules, or strengthen the sanctions associated with violations of the rules.     

Code of ethics quality: an international comparison of corporate staff support and regulation in Australia,Canada and the United States

The objective of this paper is to examine the ‘Code of Ethics Quality’ (CEQ) in the largest companies of Australia, Canada and the United States. For this purpose, a proposed CEQ construct has been applied. It appears from the empirical findings that while Australia, Canada and the United States are extremely similar in their economic and social development, there may well be distinct cultural mores and issues that are forming their business ethics practices. A research implication derived from the performed research is that the construct provides a selection of observable and measurable elements in the context of CEQ. The construct of CEQ consists of nine measures divided into two dimensions (i.e. staff support and regulation). They should not be seen as a complete list. On the contrary, it is encouraged that others propose and elaborate revisions and extensions. A practical implication of this paper is a structure of what and how to examine the CEQ in a managerial setting. It may assist companies in their efforts to establish, maintain and improve their ethical culture, norms and beliefs within the organization and supporting them in their ethical business practices with different stakeholders in the marketplace and society. The dimensions and measures of the construct may be used as a frame of reference for further research. They may be useful and applicable across contexts and over time using similar samples when it comes to large companies, as small‐ or medium‐sized ones may not have considered all areas nor have the elements in place. This is a research limitation, but it provides an opportunity for further research.     

Research in marketing in Europe: Some reflections on its setting,accomplishments and challenges

In this paper we present some reflections on the development and state of research in marketing in Europe. After briefly putting European research in a historical perspective, we devote a major section to discussing the institutional setting in which research takes place. We believe that the institutional setting is a crucial determinant of research. We then discuss numumber of European research accomplishments. We essentially limit ourselves to marketing models and industrial marketing, our own major areas of interest. In the final section we list some challenges for the future and discuss how they could be turned into opportunities.     

Effects of overseas production on home country exports: Evidence based on Swedish multinationals

Effects of Overseas Production on Home Country Exports: Evidence Based on Swedish Multinationals. —Using unique data on Swedish multinationals 1974–1990, the impacts of overseas production on parent exports are analyzed. Two methodological applications are introduced: (i) In order to avoid sample selection bias, the model includes also countries to which the firm exports, but has not established any affiliates; (ii) the effect of affiliate exports to “third countries” is incorporated. The results suggest that increased foreign production both replaces exports of finished goods and attracts intermediate goods from the parent. In contrast to previous studies, the net effect is negative, albeit significant only in the case of affiliate exports in the EC.     

Response to Seitz and Tödter, 'How the P* Model Rationalizes Monetary Targeting: A Comment on Svensson'

Seitz and TÎdter argue, counter to Svensson, that the P * model provides a rationale for money-growth targeting. In particular, they argue that 'money growth targeting is a special form of inflation forecast targeting based on a "limited" information set. In contrast to "full information" inflation forecast targeting, money growth targeting is likely to be more robust under changing conditions of the real world'.
However, money-growth targeting is better described as a special case of inflation targeting, namely when money growth is considered to be the only predictor of future inflation. But there is overwhelming empirical evidence that there are not only other, but also better, predictors of future inflation than money growth, which makes inflation-forecast targeting superior to money-growth targeting. Inflation-forecast targeting is indeed more robust (in the sense of using available information and allowing judgemental adjustments in a flexible way) than monetary targeting.
In particular, in the P * model, the real money gap is a better predictor of future inflation than money growth, as demonstrated theoretically by Svensson and empirically by Gerlach and Svensson (the empirical finding is also confirmed by Trecroci and Vega). Therefore, inflation-forecast targeting is superior also within the P * model. Under `changing conditions of the real world', for instance after the formation of a monetary union, money growth is likely to be particularly unreliable as a predictor of future inflation, making monetary targeting especially unsuitable and non-robust.     

Should direct or total factor intensities be used in tests of the factor proportions hypothesis?

Zusammenfassung Sollten direkte oder totale Faktorintensit?ten beim Test der Faktorproportionenhypothese verwendet werden? — Dieser Aufsatz befa\t sich mit der Faktorproportionenhypothese und den Faktorintensit?ten, mit denen die Hypothese getestet werden kann. Wenn alle Güter einschlie\lich der Zwischenprodukte handelbar sind und wenn es keine Spezialisierung in der Produktion gibt, dann sind die direkten Faktorintensit?ten ma\gebend, wenn die Allokation der Bruttoproduktion zwischen den L?ndern erkl?rt werden soll. Demgegenüber sind die totalen Faktorintensit?ten für die Erkl?rung der Nettohandelsstr?me relevant. Wenn es nichthandelbare Güter gibt, dann sollten die Faktorintensit?ten der handelbaren Güter so modifiziert werden, da\ sie den direkten Faktorinput aller nichthandelbaren Güter einschlie\en, die bei der Produktion von handelbaren Gütern verbraucht werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sich in strenger Form, wenn die Anzahl der handelbaren Güter und der Faktoren gleich ist. übersteigt die Anzahl der handelbaren Güter die der Faktoren, dann besteht eine Tendenz zur Spezialisierung in der Produktion. Liegt dieser Fall der Spezialisierung vor, werden zudem alle Güter gehandelt und existieren keine nichthandelbaren Güter, besteht immer noch die Beziehung zwischen den direkten Faktorintensit?ten und der Allokation der Bruttoproduktion, w?hrend die totalen Faktorintensit?ten mit den Handelsstr?men nicht mehr so deutlich zusammenh?ngen.

---

Résumé Doit-on appliquer les intensités des facteurs directes ou totales pour tester l’hypothèse des proportions des facteurs? — Cet article s’occupe de l’hypothèse des proportions des facteurs et des intensités des facteurs avec lesquelles on peut la tester. Si tous les biens, les inputs intermédiaires inclus, sont commerces et s’il n’y a pas une spécialisation dans la production, les intensités des facteurs directes sont importantes pour expliquer l’allocation de la production brute parmi des pays; pendant que les intensités des facteurs totales sont d’importance pour expliquer les flux commerciaux nets des biens. De plus, s’il y a des biens non-commercés, les intensités des facteurs des biens commercés devraient être modifiées de manière à inclure les inputs directs des facteurs dans le montant total des biens non-commercés qui sont utilisés dans la production des biens commercés. Ces résultats sont rigoureusement dérivés si les biens commercés et les facteurs sont de même nombre. Si le nombre des biens commercés excède le nombre des facteurs, il y a une tendance à la spécialisation dans la production. Dans ce cas et si tous les biens sont commercés et s’il n’y a pas des biens non-commercés, les intensités des facteurs directes sont encore d’importance pour l’allocation de la production brute, pendant que les intensités des facteurs totales sont moins d’importance pour les flux commerciaux, comparé avec le cas où il n’y a pas une spécialisation dans la production.

---

Resumen Deberían utilizarse las intensidades de factores directas o totales en los ensayos de la hipótesis de proporción de factores? — Este artículo se ocupa de la hipótesis de proporción de factores y las intensidades de factores con las que las hipótesis pueden ser sometidas a prueba. Si todos los bienes, incluyendo inputs intermedios, son comerciados y no hay especializaci?n en la produeei?n, las intensidades de factores directas son relevantes para explicar la asignaei?n de la produeeión bruta entre países; considerando que las intensidades de factores totales son relevantes para explicar los rlujos netos del comercio de bienes. Más aún, si hay bienes no comerciables, las intensidades de factores de bienes comerciables deberían modificarse de tal manera de incluir los inputs factoriales directos en los montos totales de bienes no comerciables utilizados en la produeeión de bienes comerciables. Estos resultados se muestran rigurosamente para el caso de un númro igual de bienes transables y de factores. Si el número de bienes transables sobrepasa el número de factores, hay una tendencia hacia la especialización en la produeeión. Para tal caso, con comercio en todos los bienes y sin bienes no transables, la intensidad directa de factores est’ aún relacionada con la asignaeión de la produeeión bruta; considerando que las intensidades totales de factores están relacionadas con los flujos comerciales, aunque menos claramente que sin especialización en la produeeión.