怒江州土地利用模拟及生态系统服务价值评估——基于PLUS模型的多情景分析

[目的]为测度怒江州土地利用及生态系统服务价值。[方法]文章借助斑块生成土地利用变化模拟模型（Patch-generating Land Use Simulation Model,PLUS）及当量因子法计算3种情景下土地利用变化的生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem Services Values,ESV）,选取2013年和2019年两期遥感数据及2013—2019年NPP和粮食产量、播种面积以及粮食价格数据进行2025年土地利用变化模拟并对其生态系统服务价值进行评估。[结果]（1）采用PLUS模型对2025年怒江州土地利用变化类型模拟的效果较好,其总体精度为82.3%,FOM值为0.26,说明模型具有普适性;（2） 2019年自然情景下的ESV为764.18亿元,2025年自然发展、生态保护及耕地保护情景的ESV分别为759.42亿元、764.16亿元和762.80亿元;（3）生态价值敏感度小于1,表明怒江州ESV对生态系数缺乏弹性,结果可信;（4）在生态价值变化度中,林地和水域变化度大于1,说明林地和水域面积变化对怒江州ESV的影响大。[结论]怒江州土地利用变化度小,生态系统服务价...     

Cultural norms and values and purchases of counterfeits

We conjecture that an important driver of individual purchases of counterfeit products is cultural norms and values. To put this conjecture to an empirical test, we make use of the unique situation of Surinamese people who live in Suriname and in the Netherlands and who might share the same norms and values but certainly not their respective income levels and demographics. Holding newly collected data from surveys amongst Surinamese individuals in the Netherlands and in Suriname against a control group of Dutch individuals in the Netherlands, we present evidence that cultural norms are indeed a key driver for purchases of counterfeit products. Implications for policy are discussed.