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1.
Conditional probability distributions seem to have a bad reputation when it comes to rigorous treatment of conditioning. Technical arguments are published as manipulations of Radon–Nikodym derivatives, although we all secretly perform heuristic calculations using elementary definitions of conditional probabilities. In print, measurability and averaging properties substitute for intuitive ideas about random variables behaving like constants given particular conditioning information.
One way to engage in rigorous, guilt-free manipulation of conditional distributions is to treat them as disintegrating measures—families of probability measures concentrating on the level sets of a conditioning statistic. In this paper we present a little theory and a range of examples—from EM algorithms and the Neyman factorization, through Bayes theory and marginalization paradoxes—to suggest that disintegrations have both intuitive appeal and the rigor needed for many problems in mathematical statistics. 相似文献
One way to engage in rigorous, guilt-free manipulation of conditional distributions is to treat them as disintegrating measures—families of probability measures concentrating on the level sets of a conditioning statistic. In this paper we present a little theory and a range of examples—from EM algorithms and the Neyman factorization, through Bayes theory and marginalization paradoxes—to suggest that disintegrations have both intuitive appeal and the rigor needed for many problems in mathematical statistics. 相似文献
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Richard T. Watson Mary B. Alexander Carol E. Pollard Robert P. Bostrom 《Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce》2013,23(2):103-125
Organizations are using Group Support Systems (GSSs) to improve the quality of group meetings. Keypad‐based GSSs are a widely used form of this technology, yet there has been little research on their use and effects. This paper reports the findings of a survey of facilitators of a particular keypad GSS. Facilitators indicate that keypad technology improves the quality of meetings for a variety of tasks in a range of group settings and cultures. The findings are in general agreement with field studies of workstation‐based systems. 相似文献
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In 1991, futurist Bruce E. Tonn proposed a ‘Court of Generations’ Amendment to the US Constitution. His proposed ‘Court of Generations’ lacked punitive powers but, hopefully, would have sufficient legitimacy to counteract extreme present-minded thinking evident in US political processes and institutions. Although Tonn's ‘Court of Generations’ Amendment has been well received in the futures community, who else has heard of it? Otherwise, has it made any difference? How can the cumbersome and nonfuturistic amendment procedure in the US Constitution generate a futures-oriented ‘Court of Generations’? And for those who sincerely look forward to a ‘Court of Generations,’ precisely what kind of tactically savvy visionary leadership will give the ‘Court of Generations’ any chance of being approved? During 1997, Vincent Kelly Pollard engaged Dr. Tonn in an Internet conversation aimed at clarifying these issues. 相似文献
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Although it has been generally recognized that industrial andeconomic expansion in China can be traced from the early yearsof the nineteenth century, the conventional view is that thedevelopment of the modern state enterprise system dates fromthe setting up of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949.According to most commentators, the Chinese almost universallyadopted Stalinist industrial and economic systems in the earlyyears of the postrevolutionary period without much by way of 相似文献
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This paper examines the dynamics of income distribution and convergence in Latin America during the period 1960 to 2000. Our
results, based on the intradistribution dynamics approach, reveal a “twin peaks” dynamics, which echoes findings reported
for the OECD, the Asia Pacific Basin and worldwide. Notable differences, however, are found between the income dynamics in
Latin America and in these other regions. Further, our findings indicate that physical capital investment and health capital
serve to explain Latin America’s “twin peaks” polarization. Other factors, such as geographical proximity, trade openness
and human capital, are also found to help explaining it to some extent.
We gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments and suggestions of the referee. 相似文献
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Jamaica experienced one of the longest uninterrupted periods of negative growth among LDCs in the 1970s. Agricultural exports led this decline with an unusually poor growth performance, exacerbating foreign exchange shortages. Commodity board pricing policies played a strong role in penalizing these exports. Further, board policies appear to be inefficient in either maximizing profits or foreign exchange. Implicit and unstated objectives of board policies are discussed. Supply functions show that farmers do react positively to price changes, contrary to board assumptions. Beneficiaries of this penalizing price policy are identified and an important implication for foreign aid policy is underscored. 相似文献
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