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Mehra R 《American journal of agricultural economics》1991,73(5):1440-1447
This article discusses the impact of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) on women farmers in developing countries. SAPs aim to improve economic efficiency and promote more rapid economic growth. SAPs are introduced in two phases. The first phase involves short-term loans with the condition that the country adopt monetary restraints and currency devaluation measures. In the second phase, long-term loans are given with the provision that the country deregulate their economy and open up markets. The agricultural sector is affected by SAPs because of their importance in employment, income generation, and export earnings. SAPs result in lower farm commodity prices due to currency devaluations and in removal of subsidies, which results in market-sensitive pricing or higher food prices. The impact of SAPs on agriculture vary between countries. In Morocco and Algeria, agriculture expanded under SAPs. In Indonesia, Bolivia, Costa Rica, and Mexico, the agriculture stagnated or declined. Agricultural growth was slowest in Africa. SAPs were somewhat successful in increasing agricultural exports. Food production grew slowly in many adjusting countries. Blame for failures of SAPs has been placed on government failure to implement reforms properly and overly optimistic assumptions about the timing of productive gains. Little attention has focused on the constraints facing women farmers, who are a large proportion of farmers, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This article focuses on the issues of limited access to resources, credit, agricultural extension and information, land ownership, education, and time as constraints to women farmers. Women also must ensure household food security. For SAPs to work effectively, complementary policies must be implemented that reallocate available productive resources and new technologies to women and that deal with women's constraints. 相似文献
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Abstract The comments by Tsai illustrate some important points in the industrial policy debate, though they also reflect a misconception of the purposes of my paper. My rejoinder describes briefly the ‘revisionist’ case, noting that it provides grounds for careful government policies to overcome market failures and not for wholesale, inefficient intervention. It discusses why Tsai's critique of my interpretation of the Asian Tigers is misplaced, and goes on to argue that the ‘revisionist’ case does not underestimate the costs of government failure. It does, however, hold that selective interventions are feasible in certain circumstances, and that other developing country governments can leant from the East Asian experience. 相似文献
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Though “teams” are supposed to work together for the benefit of the firm, suboptimal outcomes may emerge when individuals within a team are more concerned with their own status and outcomes relative to their “teammates,” behaving as if they are competitors. Using a version of the stag hunt coordination game, we develop hypotheses regarding the role of status and competitiveness on coordination on Pareto optimal solutions. We test these hypotheses using three studies, with manipulations for both role and status. Status is found to play a significant role, resulting in suboptimal outcomes for competitors but not teammates. 相似文献
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The theory of comparative advantage explains the upsurge of cross border mergers and acquisitions (CBMAs) in the era of reform led trade liberalization. This paper tests the theory of comparative advantage for CBMAs by firms belonging to a developing country, viz. India. Using count data the paper also shows that CBMAs have occurred in country and sector specific waves. This implies in developing countries, it is competition rather than comparative advantage which drives CBMAs. However, the paper finds that occurrence of the country specific wave and sector specific wave are negatively affected by favourable outward FDI policy.
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The paper examines the effect of freer North–South trade in goods on pollution, commodity terms-of-trade and national welfare,
utilizing a factor endowment framework. North and South are distinguished in terms of the relative endowment of a pollution
causing natural resource: South is relatively more resource abundant. Compared to the analysis of Copeland and Taylor (1994)—which
is the central work so far on this subject—this paper internalizes the commodity terms-of-trade impact of individual environment
policies. It is derived that if countries specialize completely in the free-trade equilibrium, both are induced to reduce
their pollution as compared to autarky. It is interesting and paradoxical that the South also reduces its pollution, despite
specializing in the pollution-intensive good. Again, contrary to common perception, free trade may entail an overall terms-of-trade
loss for the North, while South will always have a positive change in the terms-of-trade. Finally, inspite of better environment,
free trade may cause both the countries to gain or lose in terms of aggregate welfare.
This research has benefitted from comments received at the conference on International Dimension of Environment Policy organized
by the European Science Foundation and Tilburg University, October 7–12, 2000 Kerkrade, The Netherlands and the International
Conference on Environment and Development organized by CITD, School of International Studies, JNU, April 7–8, 2005, New Delhi,
India, as well as those received from two anonymous referees. A small section of this research was published in Mehra and
Das (2002). 相似文献
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This paper extends the stochastic growth model of Brock and Mirman [J. Econ. Theory4 (1972), 497–513] to allow the production shocks to be correlated over time. The resultant optimal savings and consumption policies depend not only upon the current level of output but also upon the most recent realization of the random shock. The properties of these policy functions are studied and it is shown that the Markov process on output, capital stock and consumption resulting from the application of these policies converges to a stationary distribution. 相似文献
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Juan Chebly Austin Schiano Divya Mehra 《American journal of economics and sociology》2020,79(4):1345-1365
This article provides a new perspective on the value of work and recommends ways to respond to labor market failures exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and by increased automation. We consider the human right to work, the dangers of pursuing short-term efficiency, and the use of the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals as a framework for inclusive economic innovation. We conclude with recommended policies to build forward and achieve inclusive development. 相似文献