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This paper addresses the optimal design of risk sharing arrangements in reinsurance contracts with asymmetric information concerning the primary insurer’s behavior. The latter usually has significant unobservable discretions, for instance with respect to risk selection, implying a moral hazard problem. We show that the existence of moral hazard strongly affects the characteristics of the reinsurance indemnification rule, i. e. the connection between the level of losses and the indemnity, which is specified in the contract. For this analysis, a standard model framework from the theory of optimal reinsurance with perfect information is modified by the assumption that the primary insurer has unobservable control of the probability distribution of the extent of losses. In particular, the solution indicates that for this situation, a Pareto-optimal indemnity rule is less steep, and therefore the primary insurer’s share in a marginal increase of the loss is greater, compared to the case of complete information. A deductible, however, turns out not to be a suitable approach in this context. 相似文献
3.
An Experimental Bribery Game 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Abbink Klaus; Irlenbusch Bernd; Renner Elke 《Jnl. of Law, Economics, and Organization》2002,18(2):428-454
Essential characteristics of corruption are (1) reciprocityrelationships between bribers and public officials, (2) negativewelfare effects, and (3) high penalties when discovered. Weseparate the influences of these factors in an experiment. Ina two-player game, reciprocation is economically inefficientthrough negative externalities. A control treatment withoutexternalities is also conducted. In a third, so-called suddendeath treatment, corrupt pairs face a low probability of exclusionfrom the experiment without payment. The results show that reciprocitycan establish bribery relationships, where negative externalitieshave no apparent effect. The penalty threat significantly reducescorruption, although discovery probabilities are typically underestimated. 相似文献
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The Leviathan hypothesis remains a cornerstone of constitutional tax theory. Following Brennan and Buchanan's (1980) seminal contribution, the power to tax is often likened to a monopoly, and its use by a revenue-maximising government is said to obey the rules of optimal taxation theory. We revisit, and refine, this position, explaining its underpinnings and discussing the Leviathan solution in several well-known optimal taxation models. It turns out that the power to tax is not a perfect analogue of ordinary monopoly power and that the similarity between Leviathan and optimal taxation solutions hinges on the irrelevance of distributional weights. 相似文献
6.
Faced with a record level of unemployment, the present debate in Germany is to extend the weekly hours of work. In this paper the employment effects of an economy-wide increase in weekly hours are quantified on the basis of a computable general equilibrium model for different specifications of the wage setting rule and the use of additional policy-induced public income. The simulation results back the argument of the opponents of longer working time that not more jobs will be created. However, when the higher tax revenues from GDP growth are used to reduce social security contributions, then the claim of the proponents that more jobs will be created can be supported. 相似文献
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8.
Norbert Reich 《Journal of Consumer Policy》1988,11(4):395-417
Present Community action and law is characterised by a conflict between market integration, protection of diffuse interests, and the rule-of-law principle. Community law first concentrated on negative integration which created and protected traders' freedom of market access and workers' freedom of circulation. By Court practice, these freedoms were developed into a basic right of EEC citizens to move freely within the EEC and to satisfy their demands wherever they wanted. Positive integration tried to establish common protective standards in matters relating to the environment, consumer protection, health care, and equal rights. The Single Act, ratified in 1987, amended the EEC Treaty by the objective of completing the internal market by the end of 1992. These provisions can only to a limited extent be said to have a direct effect. Positive integration has been reinforced by provisions on environmental and health policy. In his concluding remarks, the author insists on the need for an overall expansion of protective standards within the EEC in spite of tendencies towards a mere free trade approach.
Norbert Reich is Professor of Civil Law, Commercial Law and European Legal Policy at the University of Bremen and Managing Director of the Centre for European Legal Policy, Universitätsallee GW 1, D-2800 Bremen 33, FRG.The article is based on a speech at the University of Helsinki on May 20, 1988, and was previously published in the Finnish legal journal Juridiska Föreningens Tidskrift. The author thanks his Finnish colleague Thomas Wilhelmsson, University of Helsinki, for stimulating discussions of previous drafts and for allowing publication in JCP. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Die gegenwärtigen Aktivitäten der Gemeinschaft sowie das europäische Wirtschaftsrecht sind von einer komplexen Spannungslage zwischen Marktintegration, Schutz diffuser Interessen (Umweltschutz, Verbraucherschutz usw.) und rechtsstaatlich-demokratischen Anforderungen beherrscht. Zunächst konzentrierte sich das Gemeinschaftsrecht auf Maßnahmen der sog. Negativintegration, um dem Marktbürger Zugang zu dem Gemeinsamen Markt und Arbeitnehmern Zirkulationsfreiheit zu gewährleisten. Die Praxis des Gerichtshofes der EG hat diese Marktfreiheiten zu grundrechtsähnlichen Gewährleistungen aller Bürger i.S. einer Entscheidungs- und Aufenthaltsfreiheit ausgebaut. Die Positivintegration versuchte, gemeinsame Schutzstandards in den Bereichen Gleichbehandlung, Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz durch sekundäres Gemeinschaftsrecht zu schaffen. Die 1987 ratifizierte Einheitliche Europäische Akte hat das Ziel der Gemeinschaft festgeschrieben, bis Ende 1992 den Binnenmarkt als Raum ohne Binnengrenzen zu verwirklichen.Die unmittelbare Wirkung dieser Vorschriften bleibt allerdings fraglich. Die Positivintegration ist durch Kompetenzen im Bereich Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz abgesichert worden. In einer Schlußbetrachtung wird auf die Notwendigkeit EG-einheitlicher Schutzstandards ungeachtet des Vorherrschens von Freihandelsvorstellungen hingewiesen.
Norbert Reich is Professor of Civil Law, Commercial Law and European Legal Policy at the University of Bremen and Managing Director of the Centre for European Legal Policy, Universitätsallee GW 1, D-2800 Bremen 33, FRG.The article is based on a speech at the University of Helsinki on May 20, 1988, and was previously published in the Finnish legal journal Juridiska Föreningens Tidskrift. The author thanks his Finnish colleague Thomas Wilhelmsson, University of Helsinki, for stimulating discussions of previous drafts and for allowing publication in JCP. 相似文献
9.
Klaus Adam George W. Evans Seppo Honkapohja 《Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control》2006,30(12):2725-2748
Earlier studies of the seigniorage inflation model have found that the high-inflation steady state is not stable under learning. We reconsider this issue and analyze the full set of solutions for the linearized model. Our main focus is on stationary hyperinflationary paths near the high-inflation steady state. These paths are shown to be stable under least-squares learning if agents can utilize contemporaneous data. In an economy with a mixture of agents, some of whom only have access to lagged data, stable hyperinflationary paths emerge only if the proportion of agents with access to contemporaneous data is sufficiently high. 相似文献
10.
The paper examines a model of strategic infrastructure investment. Two oligopolistic firms compete on home and foreign product markets for market shares. The national governments support the firms in the market rivalry by providing cost reducing public infrastructure services that are financed out of taxing an input used in the production process. It is shown, that infrastructure policy can be used as an instrument for strategic trade policy. However, governments are facing the problem of balancing the burden of taxation and the benefits of infrastructures. The theoretical model also raises some critical issues with respect to the policy relevance of recent empirical infrastructure research. 相似文献