排序方式： 共有17条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Samia Nasreen;Aviral Kumar Tiwari;Mehr-un Nisa;Faryal Ishtiaq; 《Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy》2024,43(1):63-90
This study investigates the effect of income per capita, air pollution and healthcare services on health expenditure in Asian economies using annual data from 1995 to 2018. The determinants of total health expenditure and public and private sector health expenditures are estimated separately. The Generalised Methods of Moment (GMM) and Instrument Variable Quantile Panel Regression (IVQPR) techniques are employed in this study. The results explain that environmental pollution, the price of health care, urbanisation and the number of hospital beds have positive effects on total health expenditures as well as on public and private health expenditures. Interestingly, income per capita has a negative effect on health expenditure at lower quantiles and a positive at higher quantiles. The proportion of the elderly population has an adverse effect on total health expenditure, while life expectancy shows a positive effect at lower quantiles and a negative effect at higher quantiles on health expenditure. The impact of the number of physicians per capita is found to be negative and significant, while the availability of safe drinking water and education demonstrates a positive effect on health expenditure. Out-of-pocket expenditure and technological progress are positively associated with health expenditure. Smoking is a significant determinant of government health expenditure, but it is difficult to determine the trend of smoking prevalence in Asian economies. The outcomes of this study provide some important insights to policymakers, which can be used to design a more efficient healthcare sector in Asian countries. 相似文献
2.
Disappointed by the lack of consistent and robust findings, scholars suspect that the problems may be related to our research methods and have frequently called for longitudinal, clinical, and psychometric studies of succession. This article compares the findings from one such study with representative studies in the literature. Examining the operationalization of key variables used to study succession antecedents, processes, and organizational consequences, it reveals possible reasons for the disappointing results and suggests ways of strengthening those operationalizations. In addition to suggesting refinements in the measurement of performance, the comparative exercise demonstrates why current proxies for personality and power may create difficulty. It concludes that both field and large‐sample research stand to benefit from a closer collaboration. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
4.
Will African Agriculture Survive Climate Change? 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Kurukulasuriya Pradeep; Mendelsohn Robert; Hassan Rashid; Benhin James; Deressa Temesgen; Diop Mbaye; Eid Helmy Mohamed; Fosu K. Yerfi; Gbetibouo Glwadys; Jain Suman; Mahamadou Ali; Mano Renneth; Kabubo-Mariara Jane; El-Marsafawy Samia; Molua Ernest; Ouda Samiha; Ouedraogo Mathieu; Sene Isidor; Maddison David; Seo S. Niggol; Dinar Ariel 《World Bank Economic Review》2006,20(3):367-388
Measurement of the likely magnitude of the economic impact ofclimate change on African agriculture has been a challenge.Using data from a survey of more than 9,000 farmers across 11African countries, a cross-sectional approach estimates howfarm net revenues are affected by climate change compared withcurrent mean temperature. Revenues fall with warming for drylandcrops (temperature elasticity of –1.9) and livestock (–5.4),whereas revenues rise for irrigated crops (elasticity of 0.5),which are located in relatively cool parts of Africa and arebuffered by irrigation from the effects of warming. At first,warming has little net aggregate effect as the gains for irrigatedcrops offset the losses for dryland crops and livestock. Warming,however, will likely reduce dryland farm income immedia-tely.The final effects will also depend on changes in precipitation,because revenues from all farm types increase with precipitation.Because irrigated farms are less sensitive to climate, wherewater is available, irrigation is a practical adaptation toclimate change in Africa. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents evidence on how emigration for work affects schooling outcomes for primary and secondary school‐age children in Nepal. Using an instrumental variable strategy exploiting past migration network, we show that the identified effects critically depend on how schooling outcomes are measured. While conventional measures of school attendance indicate no impact, our new set of schooling status and schooling gap measures reveals significant impacts. Schooling status measures reveal favorable impacts for girls, and for emigration to India. Schooling gap measures reveal favorable effects of all emigration on schooling outcomes for girls and of emigration to other countries for boys. 相似文献
6.
In response to the need for a simple financial instrument that enables retail investors to participate easily and quickly in the U.S. equity market and that facilitates basket trading by institutions, the American Stock Exchange introduced Standard and Poor’s Depository Receipts (SPDRs) on January 29, 1993. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the introduction of SPDRs on the pricing efficiency of the S&P futures market. Using a measure of efficiency that is based on the difference between the observed futures price and the theoretical futures price based on the Cost of Carry Model, as well as daily and intradaily data for the period January 2, 1990 through June 3, 1996, we found that some positive mispricing was reduced when SPDR’s were introduced. While dividend yield and time‐to‐maturity biases remained, SPDRs trading was shown to mitigate the extent of pricing errors that prevailed, and reduced the effects of dividend yield and time‐to‐maturity biases found for these contracts. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 20:705–716, 2000 相似文献
7.
Payments systems involve a number of interconnected systems that center around a large-value payment system through which banks send funds to each other for various purposes. Of fundamental interest to central banks are the interlinkages among these types of systems. This paper builds on Mills and Nesmith (J Monet Econ 55:542–553, 2008) to construct a relatively simple economic framework to begin to understand some of the different linkages of such systems with particular emphasis on the impact various disruptions may have. It looks at three alternative arrangements through which a funds transfer system and securities settlement system are linked. Each arrangement differs by the way the securities settlement system is designed. The main finding is that, although the different arrangements have different possible implications during a settlement shock ex ante, the equilibrium behavior of banks leads to the arrangements having similar implications ex post. 相似文献
8.
David Boussios Paul V. Preckel Yigezu A. Yigezu Prakash N. Dixit Samia Akroush Hatem Cheikh M'hamed Mohamed Annabi Aden Aw‐Hassan Yahya Shakatreh Omar Abdel Hadi Ayed Al‐Abdallat Jamal Abu El Enein Jamal Ayad 《Agricultural Economics》2019,50(1):101-111
Past research found agricultural producers’ conditional responses during the growing season are important adaptations to weather and other stochastic events. Failing to recognize these responses overstates the risks confronting producers and understates their ability to respond to adverse circumstances. Dynamic programming (DP) provides a means for determining optimal long‐term crop management plans. However, most applications in the literature base their analysis on annual time steps with fixed strategies within the year, effectively ignoring conditional responses during the year. We suggest an alternative approach that captures the strategic responses within a cropping season to random weather variables as they unfold, reflecting farmers’ ability to adapt to weather realizations. We illustrate our approach by applying it to a typical cereal farm in Karak, Jordan. The results show that including conditional within‐year responses to weather reduces the frequency of fallowing by 23% and increases expected income by 9%. 相似文献
9.
Corruption scandals seem to abound in countries that have undergone reform. However, there has been no study of whether different combinations of reforms cause an increase in corruption. Theory provides some guidance as to the direction of causality—on the one hand, reforms make politicians accountable to voters as well as introducing more competition, which should decrease corruption. On the other hand, reforms may not be credible, which provides for an incentive for corruption. This paper uses the numerous cases of political and economic liberalizations that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s to examine this issue. The findings are that undertaking both types of reforms in rapid succession leads to a decrease in corruption, while countries that liberalized more than 5 years after democratizing experienced an increase in corruption. 相似文献
10.
Anne Donnet Samia Aly Bashar Allaf Fanny Cayre Nicolas Mahieu 《Journal of medical economics》2019,22(7):616-624
Objectives: To estimate the burden of migraine in the population of French patients identified as specific migraine acute treatment users compared to a control group.Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective analysis was performed on the Echantillon Généraliste des Bénéficiaires claims database, a 1/97 random sample of the French public insurance database. A representative sample of all adults with at least one delivery of triptans, ergot derivatives or acetylsalicylic acid/metoclopramide (all drugs with a specific label in migraine acute treatment – SMAT) in 2014 was selected with a control group matched on age, gender and geographic region. Among triptan users, a sub-group of over-users was defined according to their level of triptan uptake expressed in defined daily doses (DDD – a standard daily dose of treatment of acute migraine) per month over 3?months and more, was also compared with controls. The cost analysis was performed in a societal perspective for direct costs. Sick leave indirect costs were estimated using the human capital approach.Results: In total 8639 SMAT users (mean age: 44.6?years; 78.7% women) were selected representing a crude prevalence rate of 1.7%. The annual per capita total healthcare expenditures were higher by €280 in this group compared to controls (€2463 vs. €2183). Triptans contributed 47.8% to this extra cost. They used significantly (p?Conclusions: Due to its high prevalence, migraine costs generate a significant societal burden. The group of over-users concentrates high per capita direct and indirect costs. 相似文献