This paper presents evidence on how emigration for work affects schooling outcomes for primary and secondary school‐age children in Nepal. Using an instrumental variable strategy exploiting past migration network, we show that the identified effects critically depend on how schooling outcomes are measured. While conventional measures of school attendance indicate no impact, our new set of schooling status and schooling gap measures reveals significant impacts. Schooling status measures reveal favorable impacts for girls, and for emigration to India. Schooling gap measures reveal favorable effects of all emigration on schooling outcomes for girls and of emigration to other countries for boys. 相似文献
Measurement of the likely magnitude of the economic impact ofclimate change on African agriculture has been a challenge.Using data from a survey of more than 9,000 farmers across 11African countries, a cross-sectional approach estimates howfarm net revenues are affected by climate change compared withcurrent mean temperature. Revenues fall with warming for drylandcrops (temperature elasticity of 1.9) and livestock (5.4),whereas revenues rise for irrigated crops (elasticity of 0.5),which are located in relatively cool parts of Africa and arebuffered by irrigation from the effects of warming. At first,warming has little net aggregate effect as the gains for irrigatedcrops offset the losses for dryland crops and livestock. Warming,however, will likely reduce dryland farm income immedia-tely.The final effects will also depend on changes in precipitation,because revenues from all farm types increase with precipitation.Because irrigated farms are less sensitive to climate, wherewater is available, irrigation is a practical adaptation toclimate change in Africa. 相似文献
This paper provides a simple technique of carrying out inference robust to serial correlation, heteroskedasticity and spatial correlation on the estimators which follow an asymptotic normal distribution. The idea is based on the fact that the estimates from a larger sample tend to have a smaller variance which can be expressed as a function of the variance of the estimator from smaller subsamples. The major advantage of the technique other than the ease of application and simplicity is its finite sample performance both in terms of the empirical null rejection probability as well as the power of the test. It does not restrict the data in terms of structure in any way and works pretty well for any kind of heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation and spatial correlation in a finite sample. Furthermore, unlike theoretical HAC robust techniques available in the existing literature, it does not require any kernel estimation and hence eliminates the discretion of the analyst to choose a specific kernel and bandwidth. The technique outperforms the Ibragimov and Müller (2010) approach in terms of null rejection probability as well as the local asymptotic power of the test.
Corruption scandals seem to abound in countries that have undergone reform. However, there has been no study of whether different combinations of reforms cause an increase in corruption. Theory provides some guidance as to the direction of causality—on the one hand, reforms make politicians accountable to voters as well as introducing more competition, which should decrease corruption. On the other hand, reforms may not be credible, which provides for an incentive for corruption. This paper uses the numerous cases of political and economic liberalizations that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s to examine this issue. The findings are that undertaking both types of reforms in rapid succession leads to a decrease in corruption, while countries that liberalized more than 5 years after democratizing experienced an increase in corruption. 相似文献
Payments systems involve a number of interconnected systems that center around a large-value payment system through which banks send funds to each other for various purposes. Of fundamental interest to central banks are the interlinkages among these types of systems. This paper builds on Mills and Nesmith (J Monet Econ 55:542–553, 2008) to construct a relatively simple economic framework to begin to understand some of the different linkages of such systems with particular emphasis on the impact various disruptions may have. It looks at three alternative arrangements through which a funds transfer system and securities settlement system are linked. Each arrangement differs by the way the securities settlement system is designed. The main finding is that, although the different arrangements have different possible implications during a settlement shock ex ante, the equilibrium behavior of banks leads to the arrangements having similar implications ex post. 相似文献
Past research found agricultural producers’ conditional responses during the growing season are important adaptations to weather and other stochastic events. Failing to recognize these responses overstates the risks confronting producers and understates their ability to respond to adverse circumstances. Dynamic programming (DP) provides a means for determining optimal long‐term crop management plans. However, most applications in the literature base their analysis on annual time steps with fixed strategies within the year, effectively ignoring conditional responses during the year. We suggest an alternative approach that captures the strategic responses within a cropping season to random weather variables as they unfold, reflecting farmers’ ability to adapt to weather realizations. We illustrate our approach by applying it to a typical cereal farm in Karak, Jordan. The results show that including conditional within‐year responses to weather reduces the frequency of fallowing by 23% and increases expected income by 9%. 相似文献