The impact of taxes on female labour supply

There is little agreement in economics on the factors influencing labour supply and hence on the impact of taxes. Within the marginal model, real wages and incomes are directing people's labour market behaviour independent of time and space, whereas the human resources approach takes account of the social environment and past behaviour. Even if strong assumptions are made, the neoclassical theory cannot predict the outcome of a wage increase. The labour supply response depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and the income effect. Since nonparticipation in the labour market is explained by a reservation wage being higher than the market wage, this is the only situation in which neoclassical theory would predict a rise in labour force participation with a wage increase. This case occured in a ‘natural experiment’ in Sweden. The Swedish tax system changed in 1971 from joint to separate taxation of spouses resulting in a substantial increase in the net wage of married women. This article investigates the impact of the change in the Swedish tax system on female labour force participation, concluding that it cannot explain the substantial rise in the participation rates of Swedish women. This is a significant result, questioning standard neoclassical theory and supporting the more institutional views of human labour market behaviour. That is that time and space as well as the social environment are important when analyzing labour supply. This will have consequences for international comparisons. Only factors which explain developments within one country might be relevant for explaining international differences, e.g. in labour force participation.     

Skill compression, wage differentials, and employment: Germany vs the US

Germany's more compressed wage structure is widely viewed asthe main cause of the German-US difference in employment andunemployment, but part of the compression is due to Germanyhaving a narrower distribution of skills than the US. Even adjustedfor skills, however, we find that Germany has a more compressedwage distribution than the US. But relatively little of theUS-German employment difference can be attributed to the compressedwage distribution. We find that jobless Germans have nearlythe same skills as employed Germans and look more like averageAmericans than like low skilled Americans, which runs counterto the wage compression hypothesis. Given these patterns, thepay and employment experience of low skilled Americans is apoor counterfactual for assessing how reductions in pay mightaffect jobless Germans.     

Employment Protection and Labour Mobility in Europe: an empirical analysis using the EU's labour force survey

Does dismissal protection stabilise employment contracts? This study analyses whether the different dismissal laws in the EU countries have an impact on employment stablitiy or, to put it the other way around, whether worker mobility is higher in less regulated labour markets. The paper first discusses the national dismissal laws and some methodological issues and then presents an econometric anaylsis of data from the EU's labour force survey. The study concludes that national regulations have an impact on employment stability but that industry-specific variables and the macroeconomic situaion are also important.     

THE SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND ESTIMATES FOR THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY IN THE PERIOD 1964 TO 19801

Household production as well as other informal economic activities have received scant attention in economic science. In the last decade the view has been taken that there has been a big shift from formal to informal production. In order to examine this trend this article presents estimates for the size of household production for the Federal Republic of Germany which are based on time-budget data collected from 1964 to 1980. To show the sensitivity of the results two different estimating methods the Opportunity Cost Method and the Market Cost Method, are used. Since productivity growth took place not only in the formal economy but also in household production, estimates will be presented which take productivity growth explicitly into account. The article concludes with a comparison of estimates for other countries.     

Beschränktheit der makroökonomischen Diskussion überwinden

Die zurückliegende Stagnation in Deutschland wird in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften unterschiedlich beurteilt. W?hrend der „Mainstream“ die Auffassung vertritt, dass die wirtschaftliche Schw?che vor allem strukturell bedingt war, und Reformen auf der Angebotsseite für erforderlich h?lt, sieht eine andere volkswirtschaftliche Richtung die Hauptursache für die Stagnation auf der Nachfrageseite. Professor Ronald Schettkat hat einen Sammelband mit einem „Pl?doyer international renommierter ?konomen für eine neue Wirtschaftspolitik“ mitherausgegeben. Hier die wesentlichen Aussagen. Prof. Dr. Ronald Schettkat, 53, lehrt Volkswirtschaftslehre insbesondere Wirtschaftspolitik an der Bergischen Universit?t in Wuppertal.