A Product and Process Model of the Technology-Sourcing Decision

The technology‐sourcing decision traditionally has examined the choice either to innovate internally or to acquire technology from outside sources. The increasing complexity of this decision requires a move beyond the simple “make‐versus‐buy” dichotomy. We seek to test factors that influence the technology decision of subsidiaries for product and process technology across the continuum of options from internal development to outsourcing. We also explore concordance between the research streams of new product development and technology sourcing. Regression models are used to analyze data from 187 subsidiaries that suggest product and process technology development decisions sometimes are associated with similar factors and at other times they diverge. In particular, we find that external product and process technology acquisition decisions are associated negatively with differentiation goals and associated positively with product dynamism. While external product acquisition is associated negatively with a low cost goal and positively with increasing distance between primary marketing and R&D operations, external process technology acquisition is associated positively with high competitive intensity. Implications include the following: (1) While external product technology acquisition may provide quicker or even less expensive initial solutions, external reliance makes it difficult to maintain a long‐term positional advantage; (2) When greater distances separate key functional activities, external partners may provide solutions that are more responsive to local consumer needs, and the potential for improved communication may allow for quicker adaptation and increased flexibility; (3) In highly dynamic product situations, internal development, while providing greater control, can be expensive and can result in technologies that are not accepted by the marketplace; and (4) As competitive intensity increases, strategic imperatives may reduce the focus on product design and development and may require increasing concentration on manufacturing costs and efficiencies.     

PRINCIPAL AND AGENCY TRADES BY STOCKBROKERS ARE COMPLEMENTARY: THE WELFARE EFFECTS OF DEREGULATING AGENCY TRADING AND BANNING PRINCIPAL TRADES

This paper models the demand for stockbrokers' services in Australia, consisting of two related services, agency trades and principal trades. The relationship between agency and principal trades is estimated. The results indicate that the two services are complements rather than substitutes. Using unique accounting information, a model of agency and principal trading activities is estimated to determine the welfare effects of (i) deregulating brokerage commissions and (ii) a ban on principal trading by brokers. The results show a sizeable welfare gain to investors (amounting to about 60% of the gross revenue of brokers) stemming from deregulation of the minimum charge for agency trades. The loss in profitability by brokers due to deregulation is also computed and shown to be negligible. The results also show that due to complementarity, a ban on principal trading, even with deregulation of agency trading, can impose an arbitrarily high cost on investors which could, in principle, offset the gains from agency deregulation.     

“脱媒”与商业银行业务模式转型

扩大直接融资，降低对于以银行贷款为主导的间接融资的依赖，是未来中国金融结构调整的一个基本趋势。近年来，在投资基金、企业债、短期融资券等创新金融工具的冲击厦资本充足监管的约束下，商业银行传统的业务模式正面临着调整。商业银行只有通过提高风险控制能力、开发多样化金融产品、拓展新的收入来源渠道，并借助金融创新应时贷款质量和信用等级的下降等，才能降低“脱媒”所带来的影响。     

社保基金监管的现状、问题与建议

目前,我国已经初步确立社保基金监管体制,取得了明显的成效.但依然存在着局部地区违规操作、管理体制不顺畅和相关法制、监管建设滞后等问题.从世界范围社会保障基金监管实践看,依托完备法律法规体制实施社保基金监管,确立社保基金监管部门、监管结构,赋予执法权威,社保基金监管向专业化、市场化发展成为社保基金监管的共同点.借鉴国际先进管理经验,我国应提高立法层次、建立完善的法律体制;强化监管力量,适当集中,构建主辅分明、多重监管的社保基金监管结构;推进社会保险基金监管的市场化.     

企业年金风险监管的主要环节与政策框架

我国企业年金运营模式复杂,年金市场涉及金融机构类型众多,风险监管尤为重要。首先要加强信用风险监管,保证相关利益主体的相对独立性,注重投资风险和运行的公平。监管机构应当加强主动监管,推动协同监管框架的创新尝试,加强监管主体之间以及其自身部门之间的信息沟通,重点监管关联交易及其可能带来的风险。     

汇率冲击与外汇储备对人民币国际化的动态影响——基于IS-LM-EE模型和SVAR的实证分析

本文基于IS-LM-EE模型构建了汇率冲击效应的理论模型,并利用SVAR方法对1996~2010年的月度时间序列数据,从国际贸易规模、人民币价值稳定、金融业发展三个方面研究了汇率和外汇储备冲击对人民币国际化的动态影响。分析结果表明,短期内人民币渐进和小幅升值虽然给国际贸易带来负面冲击,然而长期内这不仅有利于出口导向型发展模式的转变和国际收支的再平衡,而且也有助于实现低通货膨胀率和人民币的内外价值稳定。此外,外汇储备累积通过货币供给、利率、银行利差等渠道对人民币价值稳定及其国际化形成不可忽略的负面冲击。     

巴塞尔新资本协议框架下的操作风险衡量与资本金约束

操作风险已经成为全球银行业风险管理日益重要的领域之一。将信用风险、市场风险和操作风险合并起来考虑已成为国际范围内风险管理的一种趋势。在近年来国际金融界越来越重视操作风险管理的基础上,巴塞尔新资本协议率先将操作风险纳入风险管理框架中,并要求金融机构为操作风险配置相应的资本金。操作风险管理的突显,使金融机构面临新的压力与挑战。     

铁路轨宽标准化的制度经济学解释

铁路轨宽的标准经过了长时间的演进,从最初的几百种演进到三十几种.到最后确定为一个1 435毫米的国际标准.文章从制度经济学交易成本角度考察了这个演进的过程,这个过程充分体现了交易成本在不断地降低,经济效率在大幅度地提高.根据诺斯的制度经济学理论,可知标准化演进的过程也是制度变迁的过程,但是标准比制度更好把握和实施,并且标准化极大地降低了交易成本、节约了交易时间、提高了铁路运输的效率.     

从金融“再平衡”看中国经济的可持续复苏

随着全球经济的复苏和国际贸易的回升，全球的不平衡格局正在发生着积极变化。就中国而言，通过强力刺激政策实现率先复苏之后，一方面，以积极财政政策和宽松货币政策为代表的“再杠杆”政策正在进行灵敏主动的动态微调，从而避免经济出现“二次探底”，同时也预警性地调控可能的通货膨胀预期和资产泡沫风险；另一方面，为了增加经济持续复苏的内在动力，实现平衡的、可持续的复苏，中国也在根据全球化的新趋势积极调整对外经济金融政策，以促进国际收支失衡的调节。从国际范困观察，全球“再平衡”进程也在前进之中，世界总需求中的消费正在从发达国家转向新兴市场，同时国际资本也开始从复苏较慢的西方发达市场流向复苏较快的东亚新兴市场。