Active ageing in developing countries? – trip generation and tour complexity of older people in Metro Manila

There is by now quite a substantial body of literature discussing the impact of an ageing population in developed countries on travel needs and required changes to transport policy. As many newly developed and developing countries are following demographic trends of “first world” countries, but offset by some decades, the problem is, however, not limited to the industrialised nations. The focus of this paper is on Metro Manila and analyses travel patterns by those aged 60 or over. Trip frequency and tour complexity are analysed with ordered probit regression, separating the effects of socio-demographic characteristics as well as land-use patterns. The results are compared to observations made for cities in developed countries, in particular London as an example for a city in a first world country. We show that there is a more pronounced decrease in total trips made with increasing age in Manila. However, analysing for specific trip purposes we find, similarly to trends in developed countries, that the number of recreational trips is fairly constant in all age groups. Recreational activities also seem to take more time per day than average for younger old, possibly indicating the advent of similar active ageing trends as in industrialised nations. The paper concludes by discussing some implications given future economic trends and advocates that better datasets from developing and newly developed countries are required for urban planning in developing countries.     

Die Bedeutung der Warenkreditabkommen im Handel Großdeutschlands mit Südosteuropa

Ohne ZusammenfassungVortrag, gehalten am 19. Mai 1939 auf dem 17. Deutschen Weltwirtschaftstag in Wien.     

Kriterien zur Beurteilung der weiteren Altersgrenzenanhebung in der GRV

Im April 2007 ist die „Rente mit 67“ verabschiedet worden. Wurden mit der eingeführten Prüfklausel M?glichkeiten geschaffen, die beschlossene Altersregelung zu modifizieren? Welche Folgen haben die Rentenreformen für die soziale Situation der Rentner? Prof. Dr. Winfried Schm?hl, 65, war viele Jahre Vorsitzender des Sozialbeirates der Bundesregierung und Direktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Abteilung des Zentrums für Sozialpolitik an der Universit?t Bremen. * Der Beitrag basiert teilweise auf Ausführungen des Verfassers anl?sslich eines Workshop des Sozialverbandes Volkssolidarit?t am 3. Juli 2007 in Berlin.     

Einkommenslage und Einkommensverwendungspotential Älterer in Deutschland

Mit Hinweis auf die künftige demographische Entwicklung und hohe Alterseinkommen von Rentnern werden Vorschläge zur Umverteilung zwischen den Generationen zugunsten Jüngerer und zulasten Älterer begründet. Wie steht es um die Alterseinkommen jetzt und zukünftig in Deutschland?Prof. Dr. Winfried Schmähl, 62, ist Direktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Abteilung des Zentrums für Sozialpolitik an der Universität Bremen. Er war langjähriger Vorsitzender des Sozialbeirates der Bundesregierung.*Der Beitrag basiert zum Teil auf Ausführungen des Verfassers anlässlich der Tagung Wirtschaftliche Potenziale des Alters am 5.7.2004 in Berlin.     

Rentenreform — mit welchem Fokus?

The demographic imbalance is aggravating, and by 2060 the old-age dependency ratio will double to approximately 70%. This development has consequences for the state pension system: growing contribution rates to social security coupled with lower pension levels, but at the same time a higher retirement age. The German pension scheme is mandatory for all wage and salary earners, but since 2001, no reasonable indicator for measuring the pension level exists any more. As a consequence of this, old-age pension has lost its traditional function as a replacement for earnings. The recent pension reforms have dropped the pension level sharply. Further reductions have been announced with the consequence of increasing old age poverty. Against this background it is proposed to raise the pension level so that the pensioners can maintain their standard of living. But any pension reform involves issues of distribution between and often also within generations, which cannot be addressed without explicit equity criteria. Some authors consider the past reforms as a mistake, others suggest adjustments.