面授和在线教学中的师生行为：应对复杂概念（下）

结果 人员信息 教授是一位经验丰富的教育者．具有护理学博士学位．已从事了七年面授教学。然而,她却是在线环境下教学的新手。有18个面授学生和10个在线学习的学生同意参与本研究。27个女生。1个男生：22人为业余学习,其余6人为全日制学生。平均年龄是39岁（面授学生平均37岁,远程的学生平均42岁）,他们的平均工龄为16．5年。     

Financial and economic performance of major Brazilian credit cooperatives

The credit union's main functions are the provision of individual financial loans based on collective savings, reaching up to provide full banking services, with expansion of its social function. Cooperatives are an alternative to supply a credit demand in the market, because a third of the municipalities have no bank branches. Although the participation of cooperatives in credit operations is still small compared to the Brazilian national banking system, its continued growth demonstrates the importance of this sector. In this sense, the analysis of the performance of these cooperatives becomes relevant to the extent that incentives to industry expansion differ from other financial institutions. In this context, this study aimed to analyze which the financial and economic performance of Brazil's largest credit unions. This performance analysis was performed using the indicators proposed by the CAMEL model, then the data envelopment analysis (DEA). It can be seen that there is a positive relationship between the use of variables in the model and the measurement of financial performance of credit unions. Moreover, according to the results, it can be observed that Uniprime Northern Paraná, Sicoob Cocred and Sicredi North RS/SC were cooperatives that stood out as efficient.     

A volatility smile-based uncertainty index

Annals of Finance - We propose a new uncertainty index based on the discrepancy of the smile of FX options. We show that our index spikes near turbulent periods, forecasts economic activity and its...     

面授和在线教学中的师生行为：应对复杂概念（上）

本研究的目的是对在线和面授学习环境下教师与学生交互的质量和数量进行比较。研究选择一门护理理论硕士课程,由同一教授分别采用两种方式进行教学。运用知识的社会建构分析模型（Gunawar-dena,Lowe and Anderson,1997）,对面授课堂的记录和在线的帖子进行分析,以确定教师的行为类别,评定学生回应的级别。教师在每堂课上的行为都被分类,发生的次数也进行了统计。虽然教师介入的次数不同,但在两种学习环境下都表现出了相似的推动行为。学生参与情况用模型的五个阶段进行了分析,结果显示,大多数学生的交互行为处在模型的第一阶段,每种学习环境下都有一些学生达到知识建构的更高阶段,说明两种学习方式都是成功的,能够掌握复杂、抽象的概念。     

Do central bank foreign exchange interventions affect market expectations?

The aim of this article is to study the impact of the Brazilian central bank swap interventions on the FX market from 2006 to 2013. In this period, these nontraditional interventions were the main FX instrument of the Brazilian Government. Since the central bank operates through a sequence of daily interventions in most of the period, we employ the event study method, which is appropriate to investigate cumulative impact of intervention episodes. We analyse the effects on the risk neutral distribution of BRL-USD exchange rate, which incorporates economic valuation besides the likelihoods. We investigate both changes in level and in the dynamics of the moments. Our tests indicate that interventions have little effects on the exchange rate distribution. We only find evidences of some impact on the dynamics of the mean, volatility and skewness over long horizons when the central bank takes short positions on the exchange rate.     

Disabled travel: not easy,but doable

Research on disabled tourists is still in its infancy and, at its present stage, the issue of accessibility in particular sets the research agenda. However, as with all tourists, disabled tourists' enactment of barriers as well as benefits pertaining to holidays depends on the individual's former experiences, travel career and engagement in other leisure activities. Accordingly, this paper accounts for the findings of a series of qualitative interviews with mobility-disabled tourists, the purpose of which was to engage disabled tourists in conversations based on their reflective enactment of their own touristic endeavour. The study revealed (1) that various associations for disabled people play crucial roles in determining both whether and how an individual takes on the role of tourist; (2) that disabled tourists especially go on vacation in order to be freed from the role of ‘objects of care’; (3) that tourism relates to the ends of overcoming self-doubt, redefining oneself and building self-confidence; and (4) that vacation decision-making is far more complex for the disabled tourist than for other tourists; albeit complexity is reduced as the disabled tourist becomes more experienced.