Occupational accidents in the Netherlands: incidence,mental harm,and their relationship with psychosocial factors at work

This study investigated the incidence of mental harm due to occupational accidents and the relation between psychosocial factors at work and the occurrence of occupational accidents in the Netherlands for the construction industry and health and welfare sector. Analyses revealed that occupational accidents in the construction industry more often involved physical harm, whereas accidents in the health and welfare sector relatively more often resulted in mental harm, in comparison to other sectors. Results showed that psychosocial factors were associated with occupational accidents in both sectors. For the construction industry, high time pressure and exposure to violence and harassment by colleagues or supervisors were associated with occupational accidents. For the health and welfare sector, low autonomy and exposure to violence and harassment by colleagues or supervisors or by people outside the organization were associated with occupational accidents. The present paper stresses the importance of also taking psychological consequences and psychosocial factors at work into account in assessing the occurrence of occupational accidents.     

Financial Distress with Family Farm Transfer in Six European Countries

Financial Distress with Family Farm Transfer in Six European Countries Many potential young farmers face the difficult choice between farming or a city career. An important criterion in this decision is the financial distress that goes with farming. We compared the financial distress after take-over of family farms by the next generation, in six European countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The principles of inheritance and succession and the fiscally appraised value of the farm have a large impact on the transfer price, and therefore on the installation costs. A transfer price below the fiscally appraised value results in gift taxes. The financial distress ratio is a ratio of the yearly interest and rent burden of the installation costs to agricultural income. Besides the installation costs, rent prices and the average interest rate determine the differences in the ratio among countries. The combination of high transfer prices with a high interest rate, together with the lowest agricultural income of the six countries, resulted in the hardest situation for Danish successors. A policy to reduce the fiscally appraised value of the farm would most aid successors. Such a policy would reduce transfer prices and reduce or avoid gift taxes and thereby cut installation costs for successors. La pression financeère sur les exploitations familiales dans six pays de la communauté européenne La plgpart des jeunes agriculteurs potentiels se trouvent confrpntés entre l'agriculture et une carrière urbaine. Au moment de prendre cette décision, un critère de choix important est la pression financeère qui est associée à l'agriculture. Nous avons compareé la pression financeère consécutive à un changement de génération dans des exploitations familiales de six pays européens:Danemark, France, Allemagne, Espagne, Pays-Bas et Grande Bretagne. Les régimes successoraux auxquels sont soumis les héritages et l'accroissement de la valeur fiscale de la terre ont un impact important sur les droits de mutation, ainsi que, par conséquent, sur les coûts d'installation. Un transfert pour une valeur infèrieure à la valeur fiscale conduit à payer un impôt sur les donations. Le coefficient de pression financeère mesure le rapport entre le revenu agricole et les charges financeères liées à l'installation, intérêt et annuityés de remboursement confondus. Les variations de ce coefficient d'un pays à l'autre dépendent du prix du fermage et du taux d'intérêt, en plus évidemment des frais d'installation. La conjonction entre d'un côté des frais de mutation et d'intérêt élevés, de l'autre les revenus agricoles les plus bas des six pays place les jeunes successeurs danois dans la situation la moins favorable. Une politique qui consisterait à réduire la valeur fiscale des exploitations serait de nature a favoriser les successions. Elle réduirait les coûts de transfert, et éviterait ou allegèrait les impôts sur les donations, diminuant par là les charges liées aux mutations. Finanzielle Notlage bei der Hofübergabe von Familienbetrieben in sechs europäischen Ländern iele designierte Hofnachfolger sehen ich in der schwierigen Lage, sich der Landwirtschaft und einer außerlandwirtschaftlichen Tätigkeit entscheiden zu müssen. Ein bedeutendes Kriterium bei der Entscheidungsfindung ist die finanzielle Notlage, welche die Landwirtschaft mit sich bringt. Wir verglichen die finanzielle Notlage nach Übernahme des Familienbetriebs von der nachfolgenden Generation in den folgenden sechs europäischen Ländern: Dänemark, Frankreich, Deutschland, Spanien, die Niederlande und Großbritannien. Die Grundsätze der Erbfolge und die steuerliche Bewertung des landwirtschaftlichen Betriebes haben großen Einfluss auf den Übernahmepreis und somit auf die Betriebseinrichtungskosten, Bei einem Übernahmepreis unterhalb der steuerlichen Bewertung fallen Schenkungssteuern an. Die Verhältniszahl der finanziellen Notlage sei definiert als das Verhältnis der jährlichen Zinsen der Betriebseinrichtungskosten und der Pachten zum landwirtschaftlichen Einkommen. Außer den Betriebseinrich tungskosten bestimmen Pachtpreise und durchschnittlicher Zinssatz die Unterschiede in dieser Verhältniszahl zwischen den einzelnen Ländern. Die Kombination aus hohen Übernahmepreisen und einem hohen Zinssatz in Verbindung mit dem geringsten landwirtschaftlichen Einkommen aller sechs Länder führte dazu, dass sich für dänische Hoferben die schwierigste Situation ergab. Eine Politik, welche die steuerliche Bewertung der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe verringert, käme den meisten Hoferben zu Gute. Eine solche Politik würde die Übernahmepreise senken und die Schenkungssteuern verringern odergar vermeiden und somit die Betriebseinrichtun gskosten für Hoferben verringern.     

Product information as a safety provision. Editorial preface

Abstract

In the literature as well as in standards, guides and laws, the concept of product information and related terms is not always clearly and consistently defined and used. An attempt is made to clarify the confusing terminology with regard to product information by building a conceptual framework. It is suggested that one overall concept, product information, be used to depict all types of information, texts and images, that may accompany or be associated with specific consumer products. Different types of product information may be distinguished by their function and their location. The effects of product information on product safety are difficult to assess and probably limited. Ways to measure effectiveness are discussed and it is concluded that objective criteria and test methods still need to be developed. Effectiveness studies are essential in order to improve future labelling initiatives.     

Seven tools for creating adaptive policies

Experience demonstrates that policies crafted to operate within a certain range of conditions are often faced with unexpected challenges outside of that range. The result is that many policies have unintended impacts and do not accomplish their goals. Adaptive policies are designed to function more effectively in complex, dynamic, and uncertain conditions. Based on over a dozen case studies on public policies relating to agriculture and water resources management in Canada and India, we conclude that there are seven tools policymakers should follow to create adaptive policies. Adaptive policies anticipate and plan for the array of conditions that lie ahead: (#1) using integrated and forward-looking analysis; (#2) monitoring key performance indicators to trigger built-in policy adjustments; (#3) undertaking formal policy review and continuous learning; and (#4) using multi-stakeholder deliberation. But not all situations can be anticipated. Unknown unknowns and deep uncertainty will always be part of policymaking. Adaptive policies are able to navigate toward successful outcomes in settings that cannot be anticipated in advance. This can be done by working in concert with certain characteristics of complex adaptive systems and thereby facilitating autonomous actions among stakeholders on the ground. To a degree, adaptive policy tools #3 and #4 can be used toward this purpose, but most directly, such autonomous tools include: (#5) enabling self-organization and social networking; (#6) decentralizing decisionmaking to the lowest and most effective jurisdictional level; and (#7) promoting variation in policy responses. This paper elaborates on these seven tools as a pragmatic guide for policymakers who find themselves working in highly complex, dynamic, and uncertain settings.