Effectiveness and Efficiency of Cross-Border Knowledge Transfer: An Empirical Examination

abstract    Based on a sample of 102 US organizations, this study examines the impact of knowledge characteristics, recipient learning intent, source attractiveness, and relationship quality on the effectiveness and efficiency of knowledge transfer from the international business affiliates of these organizations. Findings indicate that recipient learning intent and source attractiveness positively impact the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. In addition, recipient learning intent was found to have a positive effect on knowledge transfer efficiency. In particular, results highlight the strong positive impact that the quality of the relationship between the source and the recipient has on both the efficiency and effectiveness of cross-border knowledge transfer. The study also indicates that knowledge value is positively associated with recipient learning intent and that knowledge value, rarity and non-substitutability influence source attractiveness. Finally, findings suggest that the relationship between knowledge characteristics and knowledge transfer is partially mediated by recipient learning intent and source attractiveness.     

Rational decision-making and firm performance: the moderating role of the environment

This study investigates the moderating roles of environmental munificence and dynamism in the relationship between process rationality and organizational performance. Based on a sample of 62 manufacturing firms, the study found that environmental munificence and dynamism moderate the relationship between rationality and performance. Further, the study found that rationality is strongly associated with performance in environments high in munificence and dynamism. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Demystifying Fair Trade in France: The History of an Ambiguous Project

In France, Fair Trade arrived on the scene in the late twentieth century, and since then has passed through several experimental phases before becoming an enduring “realistic” economic alternative. To understand the transformation, this article defines Fair Trade as a social construct issues and tensions of which change depending on the point of entry. By conducting a secondary analysis of several data sets from varied sources, including documentary material, interviews, and observations, the authors trace the history of Fair Trade in France, define its introduction as a system, describe its institutionalization, and contribute to a greater understanding of how its ideals have changed and become more professional over time. The analyses reveal that the term “Fair Trade” has become ambiguous, spanning divergent and conflicting ideas and projects, including opening and closing conventional market systems and alter-globalization and anti-globalization.     

An Empirical Analysis of Strategic Groups in the Airline Industry using Latent Class Regressions

Two major controversies in strategic group research have been whether strategic groups actually exist and if so what is the best methodological approach to identify them. One perspective on strategic groups suggests that a strategic group exists if and only if the performance of a firm in the group is a function of group characteristics after controlling for firm and industry characteristics. We test this theoretical position by developing and estimating a model for the airline industry using latent class regressions. Our analysis finds evidence for the existence of four distinct strategic groups of firms in the airline industry. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The methodology combination of a national foresight process in Germany

In September 2007, the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) launched a new foresight process which aimed at four specific targets. To achieve them, a tailor-made combination of methods was applied. This paper focuses on the concept design of the process and explains one of the methods — the future online survey — in more detail.The German Foresight Process of the BMBF delivers results on different levels: broader future fields as well as single future topics. Both kinds are relevant and selected according to a set of criteria. Some of the results of this foresight process will be directly integrated into national policy activities, others are just more indirectly filtered into the innovation system of the specific sectors in the country. The future fields are all cross-cutting issues based on science and technology. All of them are specifically knowledge dynamic fields.     

The impact of tourism on deficit in balance of payments of Pakistan: an application of bounds testing approach to cointegration

The current study is intended to analyze the long-run relationship between deficit in balance of payments (BOPs) and tourism for the period of 1976–2015 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The findings of the paper exposed an indirect relationship between tourism and BOP deficit in the context of Pakistan economy, while deficit balance of trade, real effective exchange rate, and deficit in fiscal balance have a positive and significant association with the deficit in the BOPs in the long run. Based on the findings, it is recommended that policies should be devised that promote the tourism industry of Pakistan as it would be helpful in reducing the deficit in the BOPs.     

Rethinking Development Strategy in Africa: The Imperative and Prospects Of Human-Centred Development

Abstract: What prospects are there for a fundamental improvement of human conditions and what does it take to achieve human-centred development in Africa? These arc the central issues which this article addresses. Starting off from an assessment of an increasingly deteriorating socio-economic situation, the paper argues that the reversal of Africa's economic decline and unfavourable human and social conditions cannot be achieved on the basis of the current adjustment-based economic reform policies. It further argues that a fresh vision is urgently needed on the part of all concerned — first and foremost the African people and governments but also the global community — to implement with purposefulness development strategies and policies that are truly responsive to the intertwined requirements of economic transformation and human development. Development strategies that are negligent of these requirements would remain grossly defective in their design and delinquent in their intent. The paper goes on to outline the implications of such a responsive approach in terms of the needed policy shifts and resource targeting. The final part of the paper examines the prospects for a fundamental rethinking of development strategy in Africa and also for a responsive development cooperation ethic in support thereof. Prospects of the latter are judged not to be sufficiently favourable, which leaves no choice for the Africans but to regain the initiative and truly assume the responsibility for changing their economic, social and political fortunes through deliberate and decisive actions. Opportunities for the unfolding of this scenario are also examined within the context of the nature of governance and an emerging and increasingly proactive civil society. Résumé: Quelles sont les perspectives d'une amélioration fondamentale de sort de l'homme et que faut-il pour réaliser en Afrique un développement à visage humain? Telles sont les questions centrales qu'aborde cet article. Partant d'une évaluation de la situation - socio-économique qui se dégrade de plus en plus, l'articlc soutient que les politiques actuelles de réforme économiques axées sur l'ajustement ne peuvent pas réussir à mettre fin au déclin economique et à la situation humaine et sociale défavorable. II soutient en outre qu'il faudrait de toute urgence une vision nouvelle de la part de tous les intéressés - avant tout les peuples ct les gouvernements africains, mais également la communauté internationale - pour mettre en oeuvre de manière constructive des stratégies et des politiques de développement qui répondent véritablement aux critères intimement liés de transformation économique et de développement humain. Les stratégies de développement qui négligent ces critères resteront notoirement défectueuses dans leur conception et coupables dans leur intention. L'article poursuit en présentant les implications d'une telle approche positive, en termes de modifications des politiques et de ciblage de ressources. La dernière partie de l'article examine les opportunités d'une conception fondamentalement nouvelle de la stratégic de développement en Afrique, ainsi que celles d'une éthique de coopération au développement à l'appui d'une telle stratégic L'article estime que les perspectives dans ce domaine ne sont pas suffisamment favorables. Aussi, les Africains n'ont-ils d'autre choix que de reprendre l'initiative et d'assumer véritablement la responsabilité d'un changement de leur situation économique, sociale et politique, à travers des actions délibérées et décisives. Les chances de concrétisation de ce scénario sont également examinées dans le context de la gouvernance et de l'émergence d'une société civile caractérisee par une synergie croissante.     

Citation footprints on the sands of time: An analysis of idea migrations in strategic management

We elucidate the intellectual progression of the strategic management field by examining knowledge flows to and from the Strategic Management Journal (SMJ) during the period 1980–2009. We provide a detailed mapping of the evolution of the intellectual structure of the field and identify its input‐output dependency relationships with other fields. Analysis of citation data using three analytic techniques: log‐multiplicative model, pathfinder analysis, and entropy analysis allow us to discern strategic management's influence on and engagement with other disciplines. The results show that, within the intellectual universe of strategic management, SMJ has played a central role, both as a source and storer of knowledge. We notice that, over time, there has been a decline in practitioner orientation, greater communication with finance and sociology, and increasing linkages with international business and entrepreneurship. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Euro as a Monetary Anchor in the CEECs

We study whether Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) have an incentive to use the euro as a monetary anchor. Adapting a cross-section estimation method initiated by Bayoumi and Eichengreen, we show that, compared to an optimum currency area standard, the CEECs have paid too much attention to the USD in the past and should prefer the euro to the dollar as a nominal anchor. Through a theoretical model that takes external constraints into account, we then show that the CEECs should also have an incentive to stabilize their currencies in real terms against a basket where the euro would be prominent.