MRSA im Pflegeheim

Das müssen Sie im Umgang mit dem Problemkeim beachten - Der Anteil an multi resistenten Keimen in Krankenh?usern und Pflege einrichtungen ist in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen: Bereits jeder fünfte Staphylococcus-aureus-Stamm gilt als methicillin resistent. Was muss im Umgang mit MRSA-Tr?gern und -Infizierten beachtet werden und wie wird eine effektive Sanierung durchgeführt?     

Stuck at a workplace: What’s work control,demands and learning got to do with it? A longitudinal multilevel study on Swedish permanent employees in situations of ‘workplace locked-in’

Abstract

Whilst health consequences of being locked-in at the workplace have been documented in several research studies, it is largely unknown how work characteristics and their changes over time relate to risks for becoming locked-in at a certain workplace. Accordingly, this paper studied how perceived control, learning opportunities and quantitative demands at work associate with workplace-locked-in (WPLI). The study included permanent employees who participated in the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) study in wave 3 through 5 (n = 2918 individuals; n = 7460 observations). Results from multi-level analysis show that there was significant individual variation in WPLI changes over time, even though on average, WPLI decreased slightly. Differences in work characteristics between individuals (L2) and across time (L1) associated significantly with WPLI: higher levels of job control and learning opportunities related to lower odds ratios for WPLI, whereas higher quantitative job demands associated with higher odds ratios of WPLI. Moreover, differences in quantitative job demands, number of job changes and educational achievements explained the individual variations of WPLI developments over time. The result shows that WPLI can – to some extent – be prevented or reduced through good work design, and implications for HR managers and organizations are discussed.     

Michael Haller 60 Jahre

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Der Vielfalt eine zweite Chance?

Television program diversity has been widely discussed since the introduction of the dual broadcasting system in Germany. «A chance for diversity...» was the title of the program study by Schatz/Immer/Marcinkowsky (1989), who proposed the hypothesis of convergence. This hypothesis postulates that public and private programs converge due to the built-in competition between the public and private television systems. In this paper we discuss the phenomenon of diversity and differentiate between internal (concerning the program content of one channel) and external diversity (related to the program content of several channels within a broadcasting system). We conducted a quantitative content analysis of TV program guides. Based on four different classification systems (program- and audience-oriented, format- and content-oriented), we analysed internal and external diversity in a longitudinal study. Results show an overall constant level of diversity. Especially external diversity is consistently high. Within channels, we found diversity shifts. Public programs show a slightly reduced diversity; specialized channels, on the other hand, increased their diversity. The analytic tools employed in our study and its results can contribute to the development of empirically measurable quality criteria for program development.     

Vergleich der Fahrkostenübernahme durch die Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung in Deutschland und Frankreich

The payment of transportation costs according to German health insurance law in § 60 IV SGB V depends on the legal provisions concerning rescue services in the Bundesländer: Transportation has to be awarded in kind if the prices are agreed upon in a contract between the health insurers and the transportation enterprises. On the other hand, if these prices are fixed in a municipal or Länder statute, the health insurers are entitled to limit their payment obligations up to a fixed amount (?Festbetrag“). In this case, the reimbursement of the accrued transportation costs is the only feasible method. The French health insurance is based upon the principle of reimbursement which is valid for transportation costs as well. Under certain conditions the insured persons can be exempted from their personal contribution as well as the advance payment. The difference to the principle of benefits in kind becomes thus ?invisible“. According to § 60 IV SGB V, the statutory German health insurance does not bear the costs for transports from abroad. People who are insured in the French Assurance Maladie, however, are entitled to reimbursement of these costs if the transport was medically indicated. The reimbursable amount is reduced by the costs that would have to be paid for the return journey had the accident or illness not occurred. According to the standard that has been set up by the ECJ in their rulings in Kohll and Decker, the German provision in § 60 IV SGB V is contrary to both the freedom of movement within the EU of the insured persons, art. 39 EC, and the freedom of services of the transportation enterprises, art. 49 EC. National law has to be interpreted in conformity with the EC-law provisions, therefore transportation costs have to be borne if the next possible treatment is available only after crossing the border to Germany.     

Learning through games? Evaluating the learning effect of a policy exercise on European climate policy

One of the arguments for the use of simulation-gaming approaches in policy appraisal has consistently been their potential to stimulate learning. Yet few studies seek to ascertain the learning effects of these methods in a systematic manner; on the whole, participants' learning from interactive appraisal processes remains both under-conceptualised and under-evaluated. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap by developing a typology of learning effects (cognitive, relational, and normative) that can be expected from policy games. We subsequently present a set of tools for measuring them and test our approach on the case of a policy exercise on burden sharing in future European climate policy involving policy-makers and experts.On the basis of our measurements, we found limited evidence for learning from the policy exercise, mostly in the cognitive and the relational domain. In this context, the use of concept maps is an interesting methodological innovation. Employed as pre- and post-measurements, they proved a useful tool for tracing conceptual change through the exercise among participants. The paper concludes with a plea for more systematic assessment of the learning effects of interactive appraisal exercises, with a view to enabling a deeper discussion on the benefits and limitations of these methods.