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Because the break-up of conglomerates typically produces substantial increases in shareholder wealth, many commentators have argued that the conglomerate form of organization is inefficient. This article reports the findings of a number of recent academic studies, including the authors' own, that examine the causes and consequences of corporate diversification. Although theoretical arguments suggest that corporate diversification can have benefits as well as costs, several studies have documented that diversified firms trade at a significant discount from their single-segment peers. Estimates of this discount range from 10–15% of firm value, and are larger for “unrelated” diversification than for “related” diversification. If corporate diversification has generally been a value-reducing managerial strategy, why do firms remain diversified? One possibility, which the authors label the “agency cost” hypothesis, is that top executives without substantial equity stakes may have incentives to maintain a diversification strategy even if doing so reduces shareholder wealth. But, as top managers' ownership stakes increase, they bear a greater fraction of the costs associated with value-reducing policies and are therefore less likely to take actions that reduce shareholder wealth. Also, to the extent that outside blockholders monitor managerial behavior, the agency cost hypothesis predicts that diversification will be less prevalent in firms with large outside blockholders. Consistent with this argument, the authors find that companies in which managers own a significant fraction of the firm's shares, and in which blockholders own a large fraction of shares, are significantly less likely to be diversified. If agency problems lead managers to maintain value-reducing diversification strategies, what is it that leads some of these same firms to refocus? The agency cost hypothesis predicts that managers will reduce diversification only if pressured to do so by internal or external mechanisms that reduce agency problems. Consistent with this argument, the authors find that decreases in diversification appear to be precipitated by market disciplinary forces such as block purchases, acquisition attempts, and management turnover. 相似文献
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Backtesting Value-at-Risk: A Duration-Based Approach 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Financial risk model evaluation or backtesting is a key partof the internal model's approach to market risk management aslaid out by the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision. However,existing backtesting methods have relatively low power in realisticsmall sample settings. Our contribution is the exploration ofnew tools for backtesting based on the duration of days betweenthe violations of the Value-at-Risk. Our Monte Carlo resultsshow that in realistic situations, the new duration-based testshave considerably better power properties than the previouslysuggested tests. 相似文献
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《齐民要术》札记三则 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文讨论《齐民要术》三个词的意义和用法。“别”字放在名词之后表“每”,较早见于本书,可补《汉语大词典》之缺。有学者讨论“枨”字源流,漏列“掌”字,此字见于本书,可补遗缺。“伤”字放在形容词之前形容程度深,《汉语大词典》举例为唐宋,本书用例可将此字产生的时间提前至南北朝。 相似文献
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After highlighting some of the key issues and positions in the debate around appropriate preventive regulation, the paper presents a number of observations directed at the proponents of greater self-regulation. These observations confront directly a number of familiar, but often unchallenged, arguments for self-regulation. More centrally we address claims concerning, the extent to which the chemicals industries have a good and improving ‘safety’ record; and whether the sector consists of companies both motivated and capable in the context of effective crisis and disaster management. Lastly, the paper sets out some ‘new directions’ for the nature and role of regulation in the effective prevention of crises. Thus the paper indicates a number of regulatory developments which are distinct from any shift towards greater self-regulation, but which would result in more effective crisis and disaster prevention in the UK chemicals industries and, indeed, beyond that specific sector. 相似文献
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当前,彻底解决西部的"三农"问题和西部农村的发展,需要开拓我国西部农村市场.研究发现,西部农村市场的发育滞后主要是由构成西部农村市场的供给和农村市场的需求不够完善,以及西部农村市场发展的外部渠道不够畅通等因素共同作用的结果.因此,开拓我国西部农村市场是一个长期而复杂的系统工程. 相似文献
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Denis Lescop 《Review of Economic Design》2007,10(4):273-284
We study Bayesian mechanism design in the context of the siting of noxious facilities. Under incomplete information, we characterize
optimal mechanisms facilitating the siting and cost sharing of the facility. These mechanisms are allocatively and Pareto
efficient. However, it appears that transfers occur when the good is not provided. This result is due to the weakening of
the incentive notion to Bayesian–Nash equilibrium and to the balanced budget condition. This phenomenon disappears if the
setting is perfectly symmetric.
相似文献
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世界上许多国家,为了保护本国的生态环境、消费者权益和其他目的,在贸易中采取了各种各样的技术性措施,禁止或限制其他国家的某些产品进入本国市场。但是,发达国家和发展中国家对于这种政策工具的运用还存在巨大的差异。文章试就技术性贸易壁垒“南北”差异的表现形式及形成的原因进行讨论和研究。 相似文献