Blockchain in Additive Manufacturing and its Impact on Supply Chains

Additive manufacturing (AM) appears to be a particularly attractive use case for blockchain. This research combines inductive in‐depth interviews with the Delphi method to explore what potentials blockchain technology in AM creates, which adoption barriers firms need to overcome, and how supply chains will be affected by the integration of these two potentially disruptive technologies. The results suggest opportunities that are related to intellectual property (IP) rights management, the monitoring of printed parts throughout their lifecycle, process improvements, and data security. The most important barriers for blockchain adoption in AM are an absence of blockchain‐skilled specialists on the labor market, missing governance mechanisms, and a lack of firm‐internal technical expertise. By addressing important limitations of AM, blockchain is expected to improve the competitiveness of AM in parts’ production, catalyzing the trend toward more decentralized manufacturing resulting in more agile, resilient, and flexible supply chains and reduced logistics costs. Beyond that, blockchain‐based AM platforms are expected to enhance supply chain visibility, drive supply chain digitalization, support supply chain finance, and contribute to the emergence of shared factory systems.     

Issues in the estimation and application of latent structure models of choice

Our paper provides a brief review and summary of issues and advances in the use of latent structure and other finite mixture models in the analysis of choice data. Focus is directed to three primary areas: (1) estimation and computational issues, (2) specification and interpretation issues, and (3) future research issues. We comment on what latent structure models have promised, what has been, to date, delivered, and what we should look forward to in the future.     

Strategic trade policy for Eastern Europe

The integration of the former state-trading countries into international free trade may, on the one hand, sensibly complement the reforms now under way towards their becoming market economies; on the other hand, this move harbours the risk of perpetuating and indeed aggravating the economic backwardness of those countries. The detrimental effects can be avoided if a product-cycle-oriented economic policy is pursued which makes a deliberate point of utilizing the relatively rich endowment of human capital available in these countries.     

How many Deutschmarks are held abroad?

The German currency is held and used abroad because of its liquidity and stability relative to most of the world’s currencies. DM banknotes are used as a transactions medium and as a store of value. The number of these which are held abroad is of interest to policy-makers for various reasons, but is rather difficult to estimate. Professor Seitz outlines the results of several estimation methods and discusses the monetary policy consequences.     

Adjustment costs and time-to-build in factor demand in the U.S. manufacturing industry

In order to explain cyclical behavior of factor demand, the static neoclassical model of the firm has been extended to include either adjustment costs (e.g. Lucas (1967)) or time-to-build considerations as in Kydland and Prescott (1982). This paper presents an intertemporal factor demand model which accounts for adjustment costs and gestation lags. The closed form solution of the model is a highly restricted vector ARMA-process that is estimated using quarterly data for the manufacturing industry in the U.S., 1960–1988. The main conclusion is that both sources of dynamics of factor demand are identifiable and found to be empirically of importance.     

Costs and benefits of EU enlargement

While the political benefits of the coming EU enlargement are relatively easy to identify, its economic and financial consequences are less unequivocal. The following article examines the likely costs and benefits of enlargement to both existing and future Members, and in particular how it will affect Germany, one of the few present EU Member States which has direct borders with acceding states. The article expresses the personal opinions of the author.     

The lucas supply function and the feasibility of monetary stabilization policy with rational expectations

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Effektivität systematischer (d. h. regelgebundener) Geldpolitik in einem makroökonomischen Modell mit einer Lucas-Angebotsfunktion, rationalen Erwartungen und asymmetrischer Information. InMcCallum (1980) wurde dieses Modell anhand der Methode der unbestimmten Koeffizienten gelöst und gezeigt, daß die Notenbank die Varianz des Outputs durch die Wahl des Politikparameters in einer einfachen Geldmengenregel (autoregressiver Prozeß erster Ordnung) beeinflussen kann. Die Auswirkungen von monetären Schocks können dabei zwar gedämpft, aber nicht vollständig eliminiert werden.In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Modell anhand der Methode der forward looking solutions gelöst und gezeigt, daß esunendlich viele Geldmengenregeln gibt, welche den Output von Geldangebots- und Güternachfrageschocksperfekt abschirmen. Produktivitätsschocks können hingegen nur kurzfristig neutralisiert werden.

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I am indebted to H. Frisch, Ch. Peutl, and unknown referees for their valuable comments and suggestions.