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Fabio Boncinelli Francesca Gerini Gabriele Pagnotta Frode Alfnes 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2017,41(1):46-53
Unhealthy food choice is one of the main causes of being overweight. Nutritionists blame a particular category of food: junk food. Several authors have proposed a fat tax for reducing the junk food demand, but others have demonstrated that these taxes must be very high in order to be effective. Therefore, a warning label about calorie content may be an alternative way to reduce the consumption of junk food. In this exploratory study, using students as respondents, a high‐calorie warning label is explored with an incentive compatible valuation method. The results indicate that a high‐calorie warning label has little effect on respondents’ choices, even when they have no prior familiarity with the food. 相似文献
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After several years of New Public Management reforms within public transport, coordination seems to receive increased attention. With examples of actual as well as suggested changes taken from Denmark, Sweden and the UK the aim of the article is to analyse and classify the mechanisms utilized and suggested to increase coordination between core stakeholders within passenger railway services and bus services. Four distinctive mechanisms of coordination are suggested, namely organisational coordination, contractual coordination, partnership coordination and discursive coordination. Each coordination mechanism has its strengths and failures. The article also debates to what extent the mechanisms conflict with three core characteristics of New Public Management: Unbundling of the public sector into corporatized units; more contract-based competitive provision; and greater emphasis on output controls. 相似文献
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Differences in the degree of unionization as a source of comparative advantage in open economies
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This paper considers two integrated countries that differ only in their labour markets: one country hosts unions, whereas the other one pays competitive wages. These institutional differences are a source of comparative advantage, which crucially impact inter‐industry trade and welfare in the open economy. In this setting, deunionization exerts opposing welfare effects in the two economies. Increasing product market competition is beneficial for the unionized country and detrimental for its trading partner. Finally, we conduct an empirical analysis that provides strong support for the main hypotheses of our theoretical model. 相似文献
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Trade unions have a rational incentive to oppose the adoption of labour-saving technology when labour demand is inelastic and unions care much for employment relative to wages. Trade liberalisation typically increases trade union technology opposition. These conclusions are reached in a model of unionised international duopoly with two-way trade. We also find that the incentive for technology opposition is stronger in the more technologically advanced country and in the country with the larger home market, complementing earlier explanations for technological catch-up and leapfrogging. 相似文献
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The relationship between the stock market and investment is analyzed by utilizing a multivariate vector autoregressive model,
which also includes fundamentals represented by production and the bank interest rate. Two important results appear on the
basis of data from the small, open economy of Norway. The financial market has no lead effect on real activity, as neither
the stock market nor the credit market can predict future investment or production. On the contrary, current stock returns
correlate negatively with lagged growth in investment, and positively with current growth in production. In addition, changes
in the bank interest rate have a positive effect on future stock returns, production leads investment positively, and both
production and the bank interest rate become exogenous variables in our model.
First version received: November 1997/Final version received: October 2000 相似文献
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我们是谁?我们是北欧警务及海关事务联络处目前的3名成员:Frc,deZ.Olsen,59岁,来自丹麦警方,已有34年的警务执法经验;JyrkiKaipanen,41岁,拥有19年的芬兰警务执法经验;AIexilndrltWang,33岁,联络处的助于和翻译. 相似文献
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Frode Stenseng Jostein Rise Pål Kraft 《Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal》2013,35(1):19-38
A two-dimensional model on escape motives in activity engagement was developed in three studies. We suggested that motivation to escape the self through engagement in an activity partly derives from intentions to either prevent negative affect or to promote positive affect. A scale for measuring these intentional mindsets was developed consisting of the subcategories self-suppression and self-expansion. Results showed that the dimensions were differently related to psychological predictors, outcomes, and experiences in the activity engagement. We argue that the present research introduces escapism as a relevant theoretical and empirical concept applicable to several types of activity engagements. 相似文献
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Conclusion In this article, we propose a consistent view on the recent oil-price history based on fundamental data and economic theory.
We sum up: After the turn of the century three major stylized shocks have hit market. First, the demand curve has shifted
fight outwards, mainly driven, as extensively reported in the media, by sustained growth in China and other Asian Countries.
Second, supply disruptions in countries with low extraction costs (Iraq and Venezuela) have shifted the supply curve to the
left. Third, we show that speculators adjust their inventories in order to take advantage of predictable price fluctuations
and play themselves a major role in the price formation. Optimal storage theory implies that aggregate inventories are negatively
related to the oil price and positively to the volatility of supply and demand shocks.
We provide evidence that the political events in the last years have increased volatility and induced the inventory curve
to shift right outwards. We analyze in a graphical framework the interaction of all these shocks and conclude that speculators
have caused the oil price to overshoot in the short run its long-run fundamental value. However, this is not at all attributable
to market failure or the harmfulness of speculators. In fact, the opposite is true. Speculators have in general a dampening
effect on the oil price. The record oil price in the very recent history is partly a consequence of speculators maintaining
or building-up inventories to cope with the supply and demand shocks to come. Hence, high prices represent a short-term toll
for future price stability.
It follows from our analysis that the oil price is expected to fall towards its long-term mean, provided that no further shocks
hit the economy and, critically, the oil supply. As we saw, this prediction is consistent with the observed prices in the
futures markets. Also in terms of future price volatility, the outlook is rather upbeat. The increased inventory levels held
by speculators will cushion the spot market against fluctuations in natural supply and demand and limit the degree to which
the currently high underlying volatility will translate into higher price volatility.
We would like to thank Manuel Ammann, Bernd Brommundt, Stephan Kessler, Ralf Seiz, Michael Verhofen, Hemrich von Wyss, and
two anonymous referees for helpful comments We are particularly indebted to Sergej Peisotchenko at United Energy System (UES)
of Russia and Jan Gjerde at Shell for clearing us up on technical aspects of oil production 相似文献