排序方式: 共有13条查询结果,搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
Gerardo Angeles-Castro Laura Josselin Arriola-Barcenas Carlos Bonifacio Baeza-Almaraz 《Applied economics letters》2018,25(21):1531-1534
By using panel data analysis across 368 water utilities in Mexico over the period 2010–2014, we find that small firms are more efficient than medium and large providers and that increasing production is associated with less efficiency. Billing, income collection and profitability are relevant factors to improve efficiency. Medium and large firms require to measure consumption by service with meters in order to increase efficiency, while small firms do not require it. 相似文献
2.
The article provides an economic interpretation of Kelsen's theory of decentralized governments. It helps to distinguish different forms of federalism and in particular the corresponding conflicts of principalship inside the governmental structure. The model is applied to the early American constitutional history and shows how opposed views of agency relationships in the constitution foreshadowed what would later end up in a civil war. 相似文献
3.
Garnier JP 《Harvard business review》2008,86(5):68-70, 72-6, 128
From December 2000 to February 2008, the top 15 companies in the pharmaceutical industry lost roughly $850 billion in shareholder value. Although a number of factors--including the rise of generics, pricing pressures, regulatory requirements, and legal entanglements--are to blame, Garnier, the CEO of GlaxoSmithKline, believes that declining R&D productivity is his industry's primary problem. The way to solve it, he says, is to return power to the scientists--by reorganizing R&D into highly focused groups headed by inspirational leaders, seeking the best science outside as well as inside a company, fixing broken processes, and promoting a strong culture of innovation and passion for excellence. GSK has replaced its organizational pyramid with 12 "centers of excellence. The company has worked to untangle the quest for breakthrough drugs from the effort to develop best-in-class offerings and has overhauled incentives for the scientists who actually make discoveries. It has also pursued contractual relationships with academia and biotech companies in a bid to secure the best science, wherever it may reside. When the company began a sweeping reengineering of its R&D, it had only two products in late-stage development. Today it has 34--the most in the industry. But much more remains to be done, the author says. Significant cost efficiencies could be achieved by offshoring clinical trials. Development of new blockbuster drugs could be simplified and accelerated if researchers targeted only a limited segment of the potential patient population and then expanded to others over time. The innovation malaise in pharmaceuticals is not unique, Garnier says. Many other industries face the same challenges. A cultural revolution and a broad transformation of the organization are necessary first steps to rebuilding the R&D engine. 相似文献
4.
Mohammed Slim Ben Mimoun Ingrid Poncin Marion Garnier 《Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services》2012,19(6):605-612
Despite very optimistic academic and professional literatures, embodied virtual agents (EVA) on commercial websites do not seem to keep all their promises. An update in December 2009 of a benchmark led by OrangeLab in 2007 on embodied agents displayed on French websites reveals that more than 60% of them have actually disappeared. This case study deals with understanding the disappearance of embodied virtual agents thanks to a literature review, a benchmark of 80 agents on French commercial websites and an analysis of experts' in-depth-interviews. This work identifies a series of common errors in the agents design – namely, appearance inadequacy and lack of intelligence and autonomy – that creates a gap between consumers' expectations and agents' performance explaining agents' lack of success. As a conclusion, this case study gives practitioners actionable advices to design future agents by highlighting the characteristics of the ideal virtual sales agent (VSA). 相似文献
5.
The notion of a natural real rate of interest, due to Wicksell (Interest and prices. Macmillan, London Translation of 1898
edition, 1936), is widely used in current central bank research. The idea is that there exists a level at which the real interest
rate would be compatible with output at its potential level and stationary inflation. Such a concept is of primary concern
for monetary policy because it provides a benchmark for the monetary policy stance. This paper applies the method suggested
by Laubach and Williams (Rev Econ Stat 85(4):1063–1070, 2003) to jointly estimate the natural real interest rate and the output
gap in the euro area using data from 1960 onwards. Our results suggest that the natural real rate of interest has declined
gradually over the past 40 years. They also indicate that monetary policy in the euro area was on average stimulative during
the 1960s and the 1970s, while it contributed to dampen the output gap and inflation in the 1980s and 1990s.
The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the institutions
to which they are affiliated. We are grateful to Siem Jan Koopman for very helpful suggestions and comments. We also thank
P. Cour-Thimann, V. Curdia, F. Drudi, S. McCaw, D. Rodriguez-Palenzuela, R. Pilegaard, H. Pill, L. Stracca, T. Laubach, J.
C. Williams and the participants of an ECB workshop on natural interest rates. 相似文献
6.
7.
Jean-Philippe Garnier Kazuo Nishimura Alain Venditti 《International Journal of Economic Theory》2007,3(4):235-259
The aim of this paper is to discuss the roles of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption and the elasticity of the labor supply on the local determinacy properties of the steady state in a two-sector economy with constant elasticity of substitution technologies and sector-specific externalities. Our main results provide necessary and sufficient conditions for local indeterminacy. First, we show that the consumption good sector needs to be capital intensive at the private level and labor intensive at the social level. Second, we prove that under this capital intensity configuration, the existence of sunspot fluctuations is obtained if and only if the elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption is large enough but the elasticity of the labor supply is low enough. In particular, we will show on the one hand that when the labor supply is infinitely elastic, the steady state is always saddle-point stable, and on the other hand that when the elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption is infinite, labor does not have any influence on the local stability properties of the equilibrium path. 相似文献
8.
Recent empirical studies suggest that the volatility of an underlying price process may have correlations that decay slowly under certain market conditions. In this paper, the volatility is modeled as a stationary process with long‐range correlation properties in order to capture such a situation, and we consider European option pricing. This means that the volatility process is neither a Markov process nor a martingale. However, by exploiting the fact that the price process is still a semimartingale and accordingly using the martingale method, we can obtain an analytical expression for the option price in the regime where the volatility process is fast mean reverting. The volatility process is modeled as a smooth and bounded function of a fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. We give the expression for the implied volatility, which has a fractional term structure. 相似文献
9.
Quality & Quantity - 相似文献
10.
Michael Baker Janet Currie Boriana Miloucheva Hannes Schwandt Josselin Thuilliez 《Fiscal Studies》2021,42(1):25-46
This study provides comparisons of inequalities in mortality between the United States, Canada and France using the most recent available data. The period between 2010 and 2018 saw increases in mortality and in inequality in mortality for most age and gender groups in the United States. The main exceptions were children under 5 and adults over 65. In contrast, Canada saw a further flattening of mortality gradients in most groups, as well as further declines in overall mortality. The sole exception was Canadian women over 80 years old, who saw small increases in mortality rates. France saw continuing improvements in mortality rates in all groups. Both Canada and France have distributions of mortality that are much more equal than those in the United States, demonstrating the importance of public policy in the achievement of equality in health. 相似文献