Strategic trade policy for Eastern Europe

The integration of the former state-trading countries into international free trade may, on the one hand, sensibly complement the reforms now under way towards their becoming market economies; on the other hand, this move harbours the risk of perpetuating and indeed aggravating the economic backwardness of those countries. The detrimental effects can be avoided if a product-cycle-oriented economic policy is pursued which makes a deliberate point of utilizing the relatively rich endowment of human capital available in these countries.     

Competitive effects of Basel II on US bank credit card lending

We analyze the potential competitive effects of the proposed Basel II capital regulations on US bank credit card lending. We find that bank issuers operating under Basel II will face higher regulatory capital minimums than Basel I banks, with differences due to the way the two regulations treat reserves and gain-on-sale of securitized assets. During periods of normal economic conditions, this is not likely to have a competitive effect; however, during periods of substantial stress in credit card portfolios, Basel II banks could face a significant competitive disadvantage relative to Basel I banks and nonbank issuers.     

基于城市公交系统的 B2C电子商务物流配送解决方案

随着电子商务的发展，电子商务中的物流管理越来越受到商家的重视。本文结合现阶段中国物流配送行业的状况和城市公交系统的特点，提出了基于城市公交系统的服务于B2C电子商务的第三方物流配送的解决方案。并对该模式下的工作流程、关键问题和该方案的可行性进行了分析。     

The effects of group decision-making process and problem-situation complexity on implementation attempts

The effects of group problem-solving method and problem-situation complexity on attempts at implementing group solutions were investigated in a laboratory-field setting. Group members were supervisory nurses from various organizations, who were randomly assigned to three groups in a balanced research design which included three group decision-making processes and three levels of problem-situation complexity in implementation. The dependent variable was the number of attempts at implementing group-derived solutions in home organizations. The results showed that structure in group decision-making processes led to increased rates of implementation attempts at all levels of problem-situation complexity. There was a significant complexity-by-process interaction effect among the decision-making processes, which supports the conclusion that the type of group decision-making process and the problem-situation complexity should be considered in order to optimize the number of implementation attempts.g     

Critical factors in computing externalities for electricity resources

The New York State Environmental Externalities Cost Study and computerized externality model (EXMOD) are used to examine the specification of methods design and application factors in the computation of electricity externalities. We report the sensitivity of externality estimates with alternative specifications for 15 different factors in the analysis, including the selection of facility type, site, and operating characteristics; air emission assumptions and air modeling procedures; dose-response assumptions; economic valuation assumptions; and other modeling procedures and assumptions. Many of the factors that most influence externality computations can be well specified in the analysis, such as the facility type, age, characteristics, emission rates, whether there is SO₂ trading, and the inclusion of long range impacts. Most significant among the factors for which there remains significant scientific uncertainty are the selection and application of air dispersion models, selection of air pollution thresholds for health impacts, reduced life span risks associated with ozone exposure and with long-term exposure to PM₁₀, values for CO₂ damages, and the value to be applied to increased risks of reduced life span for individuals age 65 or older.     

Employee Stock Options, Corporate Taxes, and Debt Policy

We find that employee stock option deductions lead to large aggregate tax savings for Nasdaq 100 and S&P 100 firms and also affect corporate marginal tax rates. For Nasdaq firms, including the effect of options reduces the estimated median marginal tax rate from 31% to 5%. For S&P firms, in contrast, option deductions do not affect marginal tax rates to a large degree. Our evidence suggests that option deductions are important nondebt tax shields and that option deductions substitute for interest deductions in corporate capital structure decisions, explaining in part why some firms use so little debt.     

区域高质量一体化发展演进路径的国际比较分析——以环杭州湾区域为例

本文以长三角金南翼——环杭州湾区域为例,对标旧金山湾、纽约湾和东京湾三大湾区的区域一体化发展演进规律,以发展水平、一体化程度、开放联系、生态环境、政府作用等为关键表征,分析影响和制约区域高质量一体化的主要因素与障碍。作为长三角一体化的核心组成部分,环杭州湾区域高质量一体化发展路径的关键,是要对标国际先进区域一体化,把产业创新摆在突出位置,加快补齐交通网络、创新网络和生态建设的短板并改善不足,着力解决跨省域、跨城市、跨区域和领域的协同能力低下,增强区域人口承载力,推动形成优势互补,高质量发展的区域一体化经济布局。     

英语教学应注重文化知识的导入

语言是文化的载体 ,文化是语言的底座。语言与文化的这种不可分割性 ,决定了学习语言必须同时学习文化 ,因而语言教学过程就是文化教学过程。本文简略分析了在英语教学中导入文化知识的重要性 ,强调了在英语教学中教师要有意识地加强文化知识的导入 ,以提高学生的交际能力 ,增强教学效果。     

我国农村信用社面临的挑战及对策选择

本文首先分析了目前我国的农村信用社所面临的各方面的挑战：一是农村信用社在国内银行中所面临的挑战,二是外资银行的进入对农村信用社带来的挑战,三是农村信用社自身存在的问题也给农村信用社的发展带来了一定的困难。在此基础上提出了一些对策选择。