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The recession of 1990: An Austrian explanation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Arthur Middleton Hughes 《The Review of Austrian Economics》1997,10(1):107-123
Conclusion Deficit spending and money-supply expansion do not eliminate recessions. Theycause recessions. This fact will never be understood unless economists and government policymakers stop trying to micro-manage
the economy, and start studying what their actions are doing to the structure of production. Heavy inflation of the money
supply followed by sharp cutbacks change the rules right in the middle of the game for millions of businesses in the economy.
For the last 40 years, government expansionary policies have stimulated industries to create false and untenable investments.
These policies are followed by government corrective actions that destroy those same projects—waste the billions of dollars
invested in them, and throw millions out of work. Business cycles are not an essential feature of market capitalism. They
are the result of government interference with the market.
In the misdirection of labor and the distortion of the structure of production during past business cycles, it was fairly
easy to point to the places where the excessive expansion had occurred because it was, on the whole, confined to the capital
goods industries...
In contrast, the present expansion of money, which has been brought about partly by means of bank credit expansion and partly
through budget deficits, has been the result of a deliberate policy, and has gone through somewhat different channels...
I do not doubt that in a sense we have today the same kind of phenomenon, but the over-expansion, the undue increase of labor
employed in particular occupations, is not confined to a single, clearly defined block such as the capital-goods industries.
It is now spread much more widely, and the distribution is much more difficult to describe. It is a field I would wish some
statistically minded economist would investigate in order to show how the process operated in particular countries. Friedrich
A. Hayek 相似文献
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A central issue marketing educators and trainers need to address concerns the appropriateness of their courses and whether they develop the skills that prospective employers value. This paper reports on an attempt to document those skills and to examine the extent to which they are unique to the field of marketing. Four strands of research are reported on: a literature search based on the Social Science Citation Index; a review of advertisements for marketing personnel; a content analysis of a publication containing commentaries from graduates on their experiences in marketing posts; and a survey of employers. In carrying out this research, it became clear that there was a dearth of well articulated and considered thought on the issue of marketing skills. Behind a rhetoric that depicts employers as knowing and discriminating, the emergent reality was of a group which had no clear idea of the particular skills which they needed in marketing personnel. Perhaps even more worrying is the extent to which employers cannot distinguish between the performance of marketing and non‐marketing trained entrants to their companies either at the stage of recruitment or when they are in post. Academics and employers are involved in an exchange but the success of that exchange is in some doubt. In conclusion we seek a more active dialogue between the two parties to ensure improvement in the relationship which can only lead to more efficient and effective education and training. 相似文献
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The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of perceptions of product harm and consumer vulnerability on
ethical evaluations of target marketing strategies. We first established whether subjects are able to accurately judge the
harmfulness of a product through labeling alone, and whether they could differentiate consumers who were more or less vulnerable.
The results suggest that without the presence of a prime, subjects who depended on implicit memory or guess were able to detect
differences in “sin” and “non-sin” products and consumer vulnerability, but were far less likely to be able to distinguish
among high and low levels of product harm and consumer vulnerability. The inability to accurately identify high and low levels
of product harm and consumer vulnerability impacted their perceptions of the ethicality of target marketing strategies, such
that only four out of 18 target marketing strategies were judged as unethical. Thus, our findings contradict previous research
that found subjects judged many more of the integrated strategies as unethical [Smith and Cooper-Martin, J Market 61(1997) 1]. Our results suggest that assessing ethical evaluations of strategies varying in product harm, and consumer vulnerability
may only be relevant if consumers can accurately identify product harm. 相似文献