Will African Agriculture Survive Climate Change?

Measurement of the likely magnitude of the economic impact ofclimate change on African agriculture has been a challenge.Using data from a survey of more than 9,000 farmers across 11African countries, a cross-sectional approach estimates howfarm net revenues are affected by climate change compared withcurrent mean temperature. Revenues fall with warming for drylandcrops (temperature elasticity of –1.9) and livestock (–5.4),whereas revenues rise for irrigated crops (elasticity of 0.5),which are located in relatively cool parts of Africa and arebuffered by irrigation from the effects of warming. At first,warming has little net aggregate effect as the gains for irrigatedcrops offset the losses for dryland crops and livestock. Warming,however, will likely reduce dryland farm income immedia-tely.The final effects will also depend on changes in precipitation,because revenues from all farm types increase with precipitation.Because irrigated farms are less sensitive to climate, wherewater is available, irrigation is a practical adaptation toclimate change in Africa.     

The mediating role of employee strategic alignment in the relationship between rational strategic planning and firm performance: A European study

Previous empirical studies examining the direct relationship between rational strategic planning and firm performance have produced contradictory results. Therefore, in order to better understand the nature of this relationship, it is important to take into consideration the role of some mediating and moderating variables. We take into account this aspect by testing the mediating role of employee strategic alignment in the rational strategic planning–firm performance relationship. Based on a quantitative empirical study conducted among 372 European firms, we find that employee strategic alignment is a full mediator in this relationship. We then discuss the theoretical contributions and practical implications of our study. Copyright © 2013 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Human security and sexuality in the IPPF Africa Region

The influence of human security components on Sexual Reproductive Health and Rights （SRHR） of individuals was explored in four sub-Saharan Africa countries of Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia and Uganda from November 2008 to April 2009. The present results suggest that the major threat to human security is the competing economic demands that make it difficult for the population to prioritize reproductive health services in their household budgets. This study concludes that there are potential benefits of human security approaches for furthering the goals of SRHR initiatives, in line with the principles and guidelines expressed in the Maputo Plan of Action and the Millennium Development Goals （MDGs）. The results of this study suggest that IPPF Africa Region can start to prioritize economic security, community security and health security which have greatest impact on the reproductive health of the sub-Saharan African population. The key lesson learnt is that the effective use of family planning services mitigates the effects of other human insecurities, including economic, food, and health insecurities as its application in the families will reduce family size and demand on available resources.     

Capital Inflows and Exports Diversification in Sub‐Saharan Africa during the MDGs Era

This paper explores the impact of different forms of capital inflows, including foreign direct investment, foreign aid, portfolio investment, and remittances, on exports diversification in sub‐Saharan Africa during the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) era. We employ the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator to deal with the endogeneity issue. Using a sample of 35 countries over the period 2000–15, it shows that the impact of capital inflows on exports diversification depends on the type of capital. We find evidence that foreign aid, foreign direct investment, and remittances have positive effects on exports diversification, while portfolio inflows negatively affect exports diversification. Moreover, we find that the impact of capital inflows on exports diversification differs across the region of destination of the exported products. This study underscores the important role of international cooperation and capital inflows in sub‐Saharan Africa, and lends support to policies aiming to attract foreign capital.     

Hierarchical Bayesian Estimation of a Stochastic Plateau Response Function: Determining Optimal Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization

This article seeks to determine the optimal level of nitrogen to apply to winter wheat. The article makes two methodological contributions. One is to extend the estimation of a stochastic plateau function to the case where the plateau has a beta distribution instead of a normal distribution. The second is to adapt hierarchical Bayesian methods as an alternative to the frequentist approach to estimate wheat yield response to nitrogen fertilizer. The economically optimal rate of nitrogen varies between 64 and 169 kg/ha and is consistently higher with the Bayesian method and higher under most scenarios when nonnormality is assumed for the plateau parameter. Based on the likelihood odds ratio, the normal distribution is preferred with maximum likelihood estimation. But, based on the deviance information criterion, the beta model is preferred with the Bayesian estimation. Cet article a pour objectif de déterminer le niveau optimal d'azote à appliquer au blé d'hiver. L'article apporte deux contributions méthodologiques. L'un consiste à étendre l'estimation d'une fonction de plateau stochastique au cas où le plateau a une distribution bêta au lieu d'une distribution normale. La seconde consiste à adapter les méthodes bayésiennes hiérarchiques comme alternative à l'approche classique pour estimer la réponse du rendement du blé à l'engrais azoté. Le taux d'azote économiquement optimal varie entre 64 kg ha‐1 et 169 kg ha‐1 et est toujours plus élevé avec la méthode bayésienne et plus élevé dans la plupart des scénarios lorsque la non‐normalité est supposée pour le paramètre plateau. Selon le rapport de probabilité, la distribution normale est préférée avec l'estimation du maximum de vraisemblance. Mais, en fonction du critère d'information de déviance, le modèle bêta est préféré en utilisant la méthode d'estimation bayésienne.     

Aid,growth and institutions in Sub‐Saharan Africa: New insights using a multiple growth regime approach

Numerous sub‐Saharan African countries depend heavily on foreign aid. This paper explores the impact of foreign aid on economic growth in the continent using a finite mixture model. Contrary to previous studies, we hypothesise that the effect of aid on growth differs across groups of countries with similar but unobserved characteristics. The paper incorporates the potential presence of hidden heterogeneity and tries to explain group membership of countries by using various metrics of institutional variables. Focusing on a sample of 25 countries, we find that the impact of foreign aid on growth differs across three different groups of countries. Moreover, we find that aid works best in countries with effective government, good regulatory quality and low corruption. The results are robust to a battery of robustness checks. The paper underlines the importance of incorporating the heterogeneity in growth process in studies on aid effectiveness and provides evidence that sub‐Saharan African countries should undertake deep governance reforms to benefit from foreign aid.