The rise and fall of Spain (1270–1850)1

Two distinctive regimes are distinguished in Spain over half a millennium. The first one (1270s–1590s) corresponds to a high land–labour ratio frontier economy, which is pastoral, trade‐oriented, and led by towns. Wages and food consumption were relatively high. Sustained per capita growth occurred from the end of the Reconquest (1264) to the Black Death (1340s) and resumed from the 1390s only broken by late fifteenth‐century turmoil. A second regime (1600s–1810s) corresponds to a more agricultural and densely populated low‐wage economy which, although it grew at a pace similar to that of 1270–1600, remained at a lower level. Contrary to pre‐industrial western Europe, Spain achieved its highest living standards in the 1340s, not by mid‐fifteenth century. Although its death toll was lower, the plague had a more damaging impact on Spain and, far from releasing non‐existent demographic pressure, destroyed the equilibrium between scarce population and abundant resources. Pre‐1350 per capita income was reached by the late sixteenth century but only exceeded after 1820.     

Uganda's experience with aid

This paper presents Uganda's experience with aid flows overthe period 1970-96. It discusses the compilation of aid dataand also reviews the chronological developments in aid flowsto Uganda. Over this period, the sectoral distribution and typeof aid is largely dictated by the government's economic programmesin place. The period 1962-71 largely reflects government borrowingfor on-lending to agriculture and industry whereas the period1979-85 shows a wider range of sector-specific programmes drivenby the need to reconstruct and rehabilitate the economy. Althoughthe need to reconstruct and rehabilitate the economy continued,support for policy reform began to take up an increasing proportionof aid over the period 1987-96. We also analyse the impact ofaid on some major macroeconomic variables and find that investmentand real exchange rate developments have been largely drivenby official development aid flows. Although we find a similarrelationship between aid and improved policy environment, thefindings show that in the latter part, i.e., 1992-6, the continuedpolicy reform was driven more by ownership of the programmethan by aid. Indeed, in this latter period, the aid/GDP ratiosdeclined. The major lesson drawn from this study is that ownershipof a reform programme is more critical for its success, henceour conclusion that aid should be used for financing ratherthan buying reforms.     

新时期西部农村贫困特征与反贫困对策

新时期西部农村反贫困,对于推进城乡统筹、和谐社会以及社会主义新农村建设具有特殊的重大战略意义。对大量的调查数据资料分析表明,新时期西部农村贫困除了人口数量大分布广之外,还呈现贫困程度深、边境性、民族性与脆弱生态环境空间分布高度一致性等新的特征。西部地区城乡统筹必须将农村反贫困问题纳入其要义之中。     

有色冶金原理中炉渣系三元相图的几点思考

炉渣系三元相图是有色冶金原理中的重点与难点。通过归纳、凝练相图基础知识,制作冷却过程动态演示课件,能够更直观、牢固掌握三元相图的相关知识。本文结合浓度三角形基本规则举例分析炉渣系局部投影图物系点的冷却过程,能够加深对炉渣系相图的理解,从而培养灵活运用相图知识解决实际问题的能力。     

THE EFFICIENCY OF SEQUESTERING CARBON IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS

Agricultural tillage practices are important human-induced activities that can alter carbon emissions from agricultural soils and have the potential to contribute significantly to reductions in greenhouse gas emission (Lal et al., The Potential of U.S. Cropland, 1998). This research investigates the expected costs of sequestering carbon in agricultural soils under different subsidy and market-based policies. Using detailed National Resources Inventory data, we estimate the probability that farmers adopt conservation tillage practices based on a variety of exogenous characteristics and profit from conventional practices. These estimates are used with physical models of carbon sequestration to estimate the subsidy costs of achieving increased carbon sequestration with alternative subsidy schemes.     

出口加工区的技术溢出效应的文献综述

我国从建立第一批出口加工区以来，至令已过去六个年头了。随着经济的发展，最初建立出口加工区以便于管理出口加工贸易的功能逐步转变为如何更好地拉动当地经济发展。本文对上世纪70年代以来国内外经济学在出口加工技术溢出效应地研究进行了总结，并指出研究的一些不足之处，以期为我国开展相应地研究提供借鉴。     

Good News for Value Stocks: Further Evidence on Market Efficiency

This article examines the hypothesis that the superior return to so-called value stocks is the result of expectational errors made by investors. We study stock price reactions around earnings announcements for value and glamour stocks over a 5-year period after portfolio formation. The announcement returns suggest that a significant portion of the return difference between value and glamour stocks is attributable to earnings surprises that are systematically more positive for value stocks. The evidence is inconsistent with a risk-based explanation for the return differential.