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1.
Relationships between self-ratings and expectations of an ideal U.S. president, were studied in 43 men drawn from a university setting in the eastern coast of the U.S.A. The men first rated themselves on personality variables, life choices (agentic and communal), peacefulness, spirituality, and morality. Then they were presented with a vignette requesting that they describe an ideal U.S. president on inventories measuring personality variables, life choices, peacefulness, spirituality, and morality. For the rating of the ideal U.S. president, they also were asked to respond to a 20 item questionnaire that was a composite of several factors on organization and leadership, morality, spirituality, and peacefulness. The respondents belonged to one of seven different political persuasions, similar in some ways to different cultures. Self-ratings of the men and expectations of the president were highly correlated for extraversion, openness, trait morality, agentic and communal life choices. However, no significant correlations were found between the self-ratings and expectations of the president for neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, peacefulness, nor state morality. The men were also presented with vignettes for the ideal physician and ideal automechanic and asked to rate each of them on the inventory items. Overall, the U.S. President was rated as more neurotic and immoral in terms of ingrained ideas of right and wrong, but also as more caring for others, transcendent, seeking goodness and truth, forgiving, cooperative, and most concerned with matters of justice and mercy, and more concerned with both agentic (power-seeking) and communal (community-minded) life choices than were either the ideal physician or ideal automechanic. The ideal physician was rated as highest in extra-version, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and overall peacefulness, and lowest in neuroticism. The ideal automechanic was rated as highest in state or situational immorality, and lowest in both agentic (power-seeking, business-mindedness) and communal (community-mindedness) life choices, and also lowest in caring for others well-being, transcendence, seeking goodness and truth, forgiveness and cooperation, being concerned with justice and mercy, overall expectations, overall spirituality, and overall organization and leadership. In general, the self-ratings were significantly related to ratings/expectations, of the U.S. President, ideal physician, and ideal automechanic. The men seemed to identify more with the automechanic than with the present or physician. 相似文献
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Annuity Values in Defined Contribution Retirement Systems: Australia and Singapore Compared 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Annuities promise to play an increasingly important role in countries with national defined contribution retirement systems. In this article we examine life annuities in two countries, Singapore and Australia, each of which has a national mandatory pension program. Exploiting data on annuity pricing and purchase behaviour, we compare the money's worth of life annuity products across these two nations. Our results indicate that, after controlling on administrative loadings, there are important differences in measured adverse selection. Part of the explanation may be due to the different structures of the two countries’retirement systems. 相似文献
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Suzanne Landry Antonello Callimaci 《Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation》2003,12(2):131-152
This paper investigates the effect of management incentives and cross-listing status on the accounting treatment of research and development (R&D) spending for a sample of Canadian hi-tech and biopharmaceutical firms. U.S. GAAP adopts an immediate expensing rule for all R&D spending except for software development costs for which technological feasibility has been established. Contrary to the U.S., Canadian and international standard setters recommend capitalization if development costs meet certain criteria. Because those criteria are largely based on management judgment, capitalization of R&D spending is an accounting choice that can be used for income manipulation or signaling.Using a logit model, we examine how the decision to capitalize R&D spending is influenced by the cross-listing status and several other key firm characteristics that are well documented in the accounting literature. We find that the probability of capitalizing R&D spending increases for cross-listed and non-cross-listed firms in the software industry. The probability of capitalizing R&D spending also increases for firms that are more leveraged, more mature, and have higher level of cash flows from operations. However, the probability of capitalizing R&D spending decreases for larger corporations, firms with more concentrated ownership and highly profitable firms. Overall our results indicate a preference for Canadian firms in the software industry to emulate U.S. accounting practices for R&D spending. They also suggest that firms use the decision to capitalize or expense R&D spending as an earning management tool to either meet debt covenants or to smooth income. 相似文献
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Kay H. Chu Melissa A. Baker Suzanne K. Murrmann 《International Journal of Hospitality Management》2012
A growing body of literature has confirmed the deleterious effects of emotional labor on service employees. The study adds to it by investigating two hypothesized antecedents to emotional labor; affectivity and empathy which is conceptualized as a two-dimensional construct composed of emotional contagion and empathic concern. It also examines the impact of emotional labor on job satisfaction and exhaustion. The results confirmed a two-dimensional structure of emotional labor, emotive dissonance, and emotive effort. Hospitality employees with higher positive affect tend to experience less emotive dissonance while individuals with higher negative affect exert more effort to enact emotional labor. A positive relationship was found between emotional contagion and emotive dissonance, and emotive effort and job satisfaction. The results also suggested a negative relationship between emotive effort and emotional exhaustion. An unexpected negative relationship was found between emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. Managerial implications discuss training and acting techniques to more effectively manage employee emotional labor. 相似文献
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Agricultural decision makers rely on information provided by public and private entities. Data is a valuable asset and represents a tremendous investment of resources. However, difficulty locating sources and/or interpreting values may compromise its usefulness. The Florida citrus industry serves as an example of the data problem faced by many users; over 50 publications produced by 13 agencies are identified as official sources of citrus data. An indication of the potential for lost value and the dilemma facing modern agriculture is provided. This paper draws on corporate information management techniques as a framework for adding value to agricultural data. 相似文献
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Zusammenfassung Die Geldversorgung der Welt: Konzept und Messung. — Der Aufsatz erarbeitet zuerst die theoretischen Grundlagen für ein Konzept
der Geldversorgung der Welt und legt dann die relevanten Zahlen vor. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, da\ das zweckm?\ige Konzept
der Welt-Geldversorgung von dem Wechselkurssystem abh?ngt. Bei einem System flexibler Wechselkurse mit exogenem Geldangebot
sollte ein geeignetes Me\konzept gleitende Gewichte auf der Basis der Volkseinkommen benutzen, um das Welt-Geldangebot zu
errechnen. Bei festen Wechselkursen und endogenem Geldangebot sind stattdessen gleitende Gewichte auf der Basis der Geldmengen
am besten geeignet. In der Arbeit werden die neuen Zeitreihen des Welt-Geldangebots für 1958–1975, für W?hrungsreserven und
für Geld im engeren und im weiteren Sinne berechnet. Au\erdem werden Zeitreihen für Industriel?nder, entwickelte und weniger
entwickelte L?nder vorgelegt. Die beiden neuen Zeitreihen werden mit vorhandenen Reihen verglichen, bei denen die Geldmengenaggregate
unter Verwendung von festen BIP-Gewichten und den jeweiligen Wechselkursen berechnet werden.
Résumé L’offre d’argent mondiale: Le concept et le mesurage. —Au premier lieu cet article dérive un fondement théorique pour le concept de l’offre d’argent mondiale et puis présente les données essentielles. Hous arguons que le concept approprié de l’ofire d’argent mondiale est dépendant du système de taux de change. Sous les conditions d’un système de taux de change flexible avec des offres d’argent exogènes un système de poids approprié utilise des poids mouvants de revenu national pour venir à l’offre d’argent mondiale. Sous les conditions des taux des changes fixes et des offres d'argent endogènes les poids mouvants de stock d’argent sont appropriés d'autre part. L’article calcule les nouvelles séries de l’offre d’argent mondiale dérivées pour la période 1958–1975 pour l’argent de reserve, l’argent en sens étroit et l’argent en sens vaste. Nous présentons aussi des séries pour les pays industriels, développés et développants. Nous faisons des comparaisons entre les deux nouvelles séries et les séries existantes en utilisant des poids fixes de PIB et des taux des changes courants pour venir aux agrégats mondiaux.
Resumen La oferta mundial de dineroxoncepto y medición. —El présente Artículo dériva en primer lugar una fundación teórica para el concepto de la oferta mundial de dinero y en seguida presenta los datos relevantes. Se argumenta que el concepto apropiado para la oferta mundial de dinero dépende del sistema cambiario. Bajo un sistema cambiario flexible con oferta de dinero exógena, el sistema de ponderaciones apropiado utiliza ponderaciones móviles para el ingreso nacional para llegar a una oferta de dinero mundial. Con tipos de cambio fijos y ofertas de dinero endógenas, el sistema adecuado consiste, en cambio en la utilización de ponderaciones móviles para el stock de dinero. En el artículo se estiman las nuevas series de oferta de dinero mundial para moneda de reserva, moneda limitada y moneda amplia derivadas del periodo 1958–1975. Se presentan además series para países industriales, desarrollados y en desarrollo. Se hacen comparaciones entre las series nuevas y las series existentes utilizando ponderaciones fijas para el PIB y las tasas de cambio corrientes para llegar a los agregados mundiales.相似文献
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Boyle SM 《Nursing economic$》2004,22(3):111-9, 123, 107
In this exploratory cross-sectional study, nursing unit organizational characteristics and how they influenced patient outcomes in the form of nurse-sensitive adverse events and failure to rescue were examined. Results showed significant associations between characteristics and adverse events at the unit level. Autonomy/collaboration was associated with pressure ulcer and failure to rescue, practice control with urinary tract infection, and continuity/specialization with death. Unit-level study provided a better understanding of the effect of unit work environment upon nursing practice and outcomes. 相似文献
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