A Strategic Implementation of the Shapley Value for the Nested Cost‐Sharing Problem

When agents have different needs for a public facility but serving a given agent allows serving all agents with smaller needs than his without any extra cost, how should the agents divide the cost of the facility among themselves? We provide a strategic implementation of the Shapley value for this class of cost‐sharing problems. We introduce a three‐stage extensive form game that respects individual rationality and show that there is one and only one subgame‐perfect equilibrium outcome of the game. Moreover, it is the allocation assigned by the Shapley value.     

City Repositioning and Competitiveness Building in Regional Development: New Development Strategies in Guangzhou,China

Competition among cities for mobile capital in the twenty‐first century has intensified. The urban hierarchy of regions is undergoing transformation, causing economic fortunes to vary markedly among different localities. In China, these global forces and regional restructuring have caused a relative economic decline in some historically powerful cities, and have also brought about the emergence of new economic centers. In response to these forces, many Chinese cities have been driven into adopting a series of new competitive strategies, which seek to win back and build up their leading positions and competitiveness. To translate these strategies into concrete actions, local governments have promoted high‐profile and face‐lifting projects and investments. The extensive new urban development in Guangzhou is a particularly interesting case. As the provincial capital of the Guangdong Province, and a historically central city in the Pearl River Delta region, Guangzhou’s importance has recently declined. This article attempts to reveal the general strategies and specific projects initiated in Guangzhou as important promotion devices in its revitalization program, and to examine the rationales behind them. The ambitious new strategies are most likely to occur under the ‘soft budget constraint’ syndrome in China, and these strategies could be risky. Although the extent to which these strategies actually do stimulate business and lure investment is yet to be seen, the citizens are immediately and directly benefiting from them and consequently they have gained much popularity and support. However, the competitiveness building in Chinese cities has called into question the legitimacy of local state governance, and the validity of large projects that lack financial discipline, social objectives and accountability for unsuccessful investments. Au vingt‐et‐unième siècle, la compétition pour attirer le capital mobile s’est intensifiée entre les villes. La hiérarchie urbaine des régions évolue, créant de nettes différences de réussites économiques entre localités. En Chine, ces forces planétaires et la restructuration régionale ont provoqué un relatif déclin économique dans certaines grandes villes traditionnellement puissantes, entraînant par ailleurs l’émergence de nouveaux centres économiques. Face à ces forces, de nombreuses villes chinoises ont été poussées à adopter une série de stratégies concurrentielles visant à reconquérir ou bâtir leur compétitivité et leur position dominante. Pour traduire ces stratégies en actions concrètes, les gouvernements locaux ont encouragé des investissements et des projets de rajeunissement d’image très en vue. La nouvelle urbanisation d’envergure que connaît Guangzhou est un cas particulièrement intéressant. Capitale de la province du Guangdong et centre historique établi dans le delta de la ‘rivière des Perles’, Guangzhou a pourtant connu un récent déclin. L’article tente d’identifier les stratégies d’ensemble et projets spécifiques lancés à Guangzhou comme instruments promoteurs de sa revitalisation et d’en examiner les raisons sous‐jacentes. L’instauration de stratégies ambitieuses et novatrices est relativement possible compte tenu du syndrome chinois de ‘faible contrainte budgétaire’, mais elle ne va pas sans risques. Même s’il reste à constater l’ampleur dans laquelle ces stratégies stimulent réellement l’activité et attirent les investissements, les habitants en bénéficient immédiatement et directement, acquérant ainsi popularité et soutien. Toutefois, la compétitivité qui se dessine dans les villes chinoises remet en cause la légitimité de la gouvernance étatique locale et la validité de grands projets dont sont absents discipline financière, objectifs sociaux et responsables en cas d’échec des investissements.     

The influence of a subteam＇s cohesion on its mother team

The study mainly discusses the effect of the formation of a subteam on the entire team as well as the relation of conflict among subteams and cohesion in a subteam. This study discovered that three subconcepts, which are team amity, team interaction and team integration contained in team cohesion would affect each other. When any one of them increased positively, it would enhance other two items, such as the subteam cohesion in team would become stronger. The team cohesion has different effects on the task conflict and interpersonal conflict among teams, so the team can establish a team operation mode acceptable to each other at the time when it is formed, and use comparatively formal plain text regulation to restrict members in team. On the other hand, team amity rather emphasizes on individual feeling. This study tends to use informal get-together mode to improve acquaintanceship of members or understanding attributes can also try to find common intersection. among the subteams, and the subteams with different     

珠江三角洲经济发展、城市扩张与农田流失研究——以东莞市为例

珠江三角洲自改革开放的２０年来经历了巨大的发展,但也导致了城市的迅速扩张以及大量宝贵农田的流失。本文以珠江三角洲发展最快的城市之一的东莞为例探讨其经济发展、城市扩张以及农田流失的关系。研究发现了农田流失与不同阶段的经济发展有密切的关系。自进入９０年代以来,由于房地产的过热发展,造成了农田的加速流失,严重浪费土地资源。珠江三角洲的农田流失与乡镇企业的发展,地方自主权的扩大,香港的影响,交通条件的改善以及土地管理等一系列因素有关。     

A Measurement of Bank Efficiency,Ownership and Productivity Changes in Taiwan

German consulting engineering firms currently face great difficulties in competing in globalised markets. They are comparatively small. This article asks what the reasons for this situation are and whether there are options for political assistance to help the trade – perhaps Germany can learn from other countries – and describes the results of a benchmarking study which compares the situation of German firms with that of companies in the US, UK and France. The factors that may possibly be important for international competitiveness are analysed. The main result of the study is that the present weakness of German consulting engineering is caused by their lack of adaptation to the needs of the new globalised markets. German firms suffer now from the rather good and secure business opportunities which they have enjoyed during the phase of ‘Aufbau Ost’ in eastern Germany in the 1990s. They have somewhat missed the restructuring that became necessary. Hence, German consulting engineering has to do the bulk of restructuring itself in order to become competitive again.     

The Influence of Moral Philosophy on Retail Salespeople's Ethical Perceptions

The relatively minimal literature on ethics in a retail selling context indicates that retail sales personnel perceive that their job creates ethical dilemmas. However, what drives those beliefs is virtually unknown. Investigations in non‐retailing venues have found that employees’ moral philosophy (or ideology) influences whether they view a particular situation, action, or behavior as unacceptable (ethically inappropriate). The present study extends previous retail sales ethics research by examining the impact of retail salespersons’ moral philosophy on their perceptions of situations that are potentially ethically troublesome. Findings reveal some evidence that moral philosophy does indeed have an effect on retail salespeople's ethical beliefs. The impact of these results on the consumer is brought out through a discussion of the various implications from the vantage point of consumer welfare.     

A Regional Analysis Of The Supply And Demand Of Farm Labor In Canada

This is an aggregative study covering the years 1946 to 1962, with the primary objective of examining the most significant factors which affect a market structure for farm labor. A recursive system is used to derive an equilibrium level of both hired and family farm labor during the period studied as well as an equilibrium level of future farm labor requirement by 1970 .
The findings show that the demand for farm labor was apparently not, or weakly, responsive to the farm wage rate in all regions and it was weakly responsive to the parity ratio, farm machinery and productivity. On the supply side, farm labor also was not, or weakly, responsive to the variables included in all regions with the exception of the farm wage rate or parity ratio in B.C. and the adjusted non-farm wage rate and farm machinery in the Atlantic region. The results also show that, in Canada as a whole, the projected family labor employment will be 294,000 manequivalents by 1910 or 42 percent decline as compared to the 1962 level, while the projected hired labor employment will be 114,000 manequivalents in 1970 or 14 percent increase in the eight years after 1962. This would likely be the tendency because of the continuous economic development on the one hand and the consolidation of farms on the other .     

THE POST‐ASIAN CRISIS DROP IN INVESTMENT: THE CASES OF INDONESIA,KOREA, MALAYSIA,AND THAILAND

This study analyzes drops in East Asian investment and their determinants after the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis. We first employ a random level‐shift autoregressive model to quantify the shift in investment ratios of four Asian economies hit by the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis: Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand. We trace the major historical shifts in the levels of investment ratios and we find that the cumulated downward shifts in investment ratios during 1997–1998 for Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand are 6, 5, 14, and 14 percentage points, respectively. The investment ratios of most countries experienced several rebounds between 1999 and 2001, but the rebounds were too small to bring investment ratios back to their pre‐1990 levels. Having identified the episodes of investment shifts, the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and several robust tests are employed to investigate the determinants of those level shifts in investment ratios. We find that real per capita gross domestic product growth and banking crises are the two most important factors contributing to shifts in the investment levels of these four crisis‐hit Asian economies. The results are useful in understanding the causes and remedies of global imbalances. (JEL C11, E22, F32, O53)