Investigating the gap between citizens' sustainability attitudes and food purchasing behaviour: empirical evidence from Brazilian pork consumers

Consumers worldwide are increasingly concerned with sustainable production and consumption. Recently, a comprehensive study ranked 17 countries in regard to their environmentally friendly behaviour among consumers. Brazil was one of the top countries in the list. Yet, several studies highlight significant differences between consumers' intentions to consume ethically, and their actual purchase behaviour: the so‐called ‘Attitude‐Behaviour Gap’. In developing countries, few studies have been conducted on this issue. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the gap between citizens' sustainability‐related attitudes and food purchasing behaviour using empirical data from Brazil. To this end, Brazilian citizens' attitudes towards pig production systems were mapped through conjoint analysis and their coexistence with relevant pork product‐related purchasing behaviour of consumers was investigated through cluster analysis. The conjoint experiment was carried out with empirical data collected from 475 respondents surveyed in the South and Center‐West regions of Brazil. The results of the conjoint analysis were used for a subsequent cluster analysis in order to identify clusters of Brazilian citizens with diversified attitudes towards pig production systems, using socio‐demographics, attitudes towards sustainability‐related themes that are expected to influence the way they evaluate pig production systems, and consumption frequency of various pork products as clusters' background information. Three clusters were identified as ‘indifferent’, ‘environmental conscious’ and ‘sustainability‐oriented’ citizens. Although attitudes towards environment and nature had indeed an influence on citizens' specific attitudes towards pig farming at the cluster level, the relationship between ‘citizenship’ and consumption behaviour was found to be weak. This finding is similar to previous research conducted with European consumers: what people (in their role of citizens) think about pig production systems does not appear to significantly influence their pork consumption choices. Improvements in the integrated management of this chain would better meet consumers' sustainability‐related expectations towards pig production systems.     

Making working in retailing interesting: A study of human resource management practices in Danish grocery retail chains

This paper discusses how five retail chains in the Danish grocery industry attempt to make low-wage, low-status store-level retail jobs as checkout operators and sales assistants interesting. It does so from the perspective of both retailers and employees. Following analysis of the social and institutional context of Danish grocery retailers, we identify three types of retail employees (transitional workers, core employees and career seekers), who have different motivations and aspirations for working in grocery retailing. The central challenge for retailers is to make store-level retail jobs interesting to the different employee types. Although retailers mainly focus their attention on career seekers, we find that working in retailing is interesting for all employee types because the retailers are currently able to meet their respective motivations and aspirations. Nevertheless, we identify several areas in which retailers can improve their practices.     

Consumers’ Perceptions of African Wildlife Meat: A Laddering Study

African wildlife meat offers South Africans' a healthy and novel red meat alternative, yet consumption is far less than that of beef and lamb. Laddering interviews with 40 respondents were employed to identify the consequences and values associated with the product's perceived attributes. Important attributes included low levels of fat, dryness, novelty, and special preparation requirements. Significant values included security, self-esteem, hedonism, tradition, and stimulation. Promoters of the product are advised to capitalize on consumers' interest in health and the health benefits of the meat in their advertising strategy. They can also address current barriers to consumption as indicated by negative, undesirable consequences (difficult and time-consuming to prepare) by promoting quick and easy ways of preparation, provision of ready-to-eat dishes and training.     

Perception of Health Claims Among Nordic Consumers

Health claim perception was investigated by a web-based instrument with a sample of 4,612 respondents in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden). Respondents decided which of a pair of claims sounded better, was easier to understand and was more convincing in their opinion. Claims were constructed from an underlying universe combining different active ingredients (familiar, unfamiliar), type of claim (combination of information about ingredient, physiological function and health benefit), framing (positive, negative), and use of qualifier (with, without “may”). Across pairs, the claims differed in the health benefit addressed (cardiovascular health, dementia, bodyweight). Results showed that respondents could be grouped into two roughly equally sized classes that differed in the type of claim preferred: one class prefers “long” claims that give the full story consisting of active ingredient, physiological function and health benefit, whereas the other prefers “short” claims consisting of the health benefit only. Results also showed that the familiar ingredient is preferred to the unfamiliar one, whereas effects of positive versus negative framing depended on the type of health benefit addressed.     

The moderating impact of perceived globalness on consumers’ purchase intentions for copycats: The pleasure of hurting global brands

Copycats or “me‐too” brands imitate prominent features of market leaders with the intention to benefit from consumers’ positive associations of the imitated brand. However, the imitated market leader can be perceived as being local (=in‐group) or global (=out‐group). Employing social identity theory, Study 1 examined the interaction between copycat strategy and perceived globalness of the brand, showing that consumers have higher purchase intentions for global copycats versus a local counterpart. Study 2 shows that the interacting effect of copycat strategy and perceived globalness is moderated by consumer ethnocentrism. Further, authors demonstrate that a global copycat elicit greater schadenfreude (vs. local brand), which in turn increases consumers’ purchase intentions. Subsequent mediation analysis shows that ethnocentric consumers experience schadenfreude upon encountering copycats of global brands, which in turn increases purchase intention, whereas low ethnocentric consumers show higher purchase intentions for local differentiated brands because they deem a copycat strategy as unacceptable. Finally, Study 3 examines whether the results from Studies 1 and 2 continue to hold for theme copycats.     

Evaluative Conditioning of Food Technologies

Consumer attitudes play an important role in the acceptance of new technologies. The success of food innovations depends on understanding how consumers form and change attitudes toward food technologies. Earlier post hoc explanations suggest that evaluative conditioning can change consumer attitudes toward food technologies. The present study tests how evaluative conditioning can affect consumer acceptance of new food technologies. Furthermore, authors investigate whether evaluative conditioning is resistant to extinction after a two‐month period and whether the evaluative conditioning effect prevails in a product‐related context. Within an evaluative conditioning paradigm including between‐subjects control groups in addition to standard within‐subjects control conditions, participants were presented with three food technologies (conventional, enzyme, and genetic technology) paired with affectively positive, neutral, and negative pictures. Subsequent evaluative measurements revealed that evaluative conditioning can explain attitude change toward food technologies when affective pictures are used. Furthermore, results indicate that evaluative conditioning is resistant to extinction after two months and acquired evaluative conditioning effect spills over in a product‐related context.     

Who Buys Oddly Shaped Food and Why? Impacts of Food Shape Abnormality and Organic Labeling on Purchase Intentions

Even without official quality standards, food retailers generally do not offer abnormally shaped food based on the assumption that consumers reject food that deviates physically from some norm. Because this practice contributes significantly to food waste, the current study tests this assumption experimentally. A representative sample of 964 Danish consumers indicated their purchase intentions for two fruits and two vegetables with varying levels of food shape abnormality (normal, moderately abnormal, and extremely abnormal) and organic labels (organic label, no label). Food shape abnormalities influence consumers’ purchase intentions, but only if the food deviates extremely from the norm; no differences in purchase intentions emerge for moderately abnormal food. Awareness of food waste issues and proenvironmental self‐identities also drive purchase intentions, such that participants with high levels of these traits express significantly higher purchase intentions for abnormally shaped food. Thus, increasing awareness of food waste issues, particularly among those with strong proenvironmental self‐identities, might encourage more consumers to purchase abnormally shaped fruits and vegetables.     

The consumer information deficit: Assessment and policy implications

This paper reports about a research project financially supported by the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology of the FRG as part of the work of a consortium of consumer research teams from several universities. Using the problem of purchasing an automobile as an example, consumer information need and information supply are analyzed in order to delineate the consumer information deficit. Information need is defined as information suitable for reducing risks of purchase perceived by consumers which were ascertained in two surveys. Information supply was analysed by a content analysis of sales brochures, advertisements, and automotive magazines, as well as a study of the information content of sales talks. It turns out that the information supply is unsatisfactory with regard to the information need.Several studies of attempts to reduce the information deficit are also reported. A lab study indicates that required improvements of the information content of sales brochures may help consumers to make better purchase decisions. A videotex information system, which was also investigated, had no influence on purchase decisions, but was still considered useful by consumers.

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Das Informationsdefizit der Konsumenten: Erhebung und Folgerungen für die Verbraucherpolitik

Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine Untersuchung berichtet, die im Rahmen des vom BMFT geförderten Forschungsverbundes empirische Verbraucherforschung an der Universität Hohenheim durchgeführt wurde. Ziel der Untersuchung war, die weitverbreitete Behauptung, die Konsumenten hätten ein Informationsdefizit, empirisch zu untersuchen, sowie Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung des Informationsdefizites, falls es ein solches gibt, aufzuzeigen. Die Erhebung des Informationsdefizites geschah am Beispiel des Problems eines Automobilkaufes. Zunächst wurde der Informationsbedarf der Konsumenten erhoben, der operationalisiert wurde als die Menge der Informationen die notwendig sind, um die von allen Konsumenten kollektiv empfundenen Kaufrisiken zu reduzieren. Empfundene Kaufrisiken wurden in einer offenen Befragung ermittelt und durch Befragung einer Zufallsstichprobe von 500 Neuwagenkäufern abgesichert und entsprechend ihrer Bedeutung gewichtet. Dem Informationsbedarf wurde das Informationsangebot gegenübergestellt. Alle bedeutsamen institutionellen Informationsquellen wurden daraufhin untersucht, inwieweit sie Informationen enthalten, die zur Reduktion der von den Konsumenten empfunden Kaufrisiken geeignet sind. Werbeanzeigen, Prospekte sowie Automobiltests wurden einer Inhaltsanalyse unterzogen. Ergänzend wurden Redakteure von Automobilzeitschriften befragt sowie Verkaufgespräche simuliert und auf ihren Informationsgehalt untersucht. Es stellte sich heraus, daß es zahlreiche, von Konsumenten empfundene Kaufrisiken gibt, über die keine oder kaum Informationen erhältlich sind, oder wo die Informationen von eingeschränkter Brauchbarkeit sind, da sie entweder nicht nachprüfbar sind oder technisches Vorverständnis beim Konsumenten voraussetzen. Unter den Kaufrisiken, in bezug auf die das Informationsangebot unbefriedigend ist, finden sich etliche, die von den Konsumenten als besonders wichtig eingestuft werden.Anschließend wird über mehrere Studien berichtet, in denen Maßnahmen zur Verringerung des Informationsdefizites untersucht wurden. Ein Laborexperiment zeigte, daß Informationsauflagen, mit deren Hilfe der Informationsgehalt von Prospekten verbessert wurde, die Kaufentscheidungen der Versuchspersonen verbesserten. Parallel wurde ein Informationssystem in Bildschirmtext untersucht, das allerdings keinen meßbaren Einfluß auf die Qualität der gefällten Kaufentscheidungen hatte. Beide Informationsmaßnahmen wurden von den Versuchspersonen allerdings als nützlich beurteilt. Andere Maßnahmen der Verbraucherinformation, wie persönliche Beratung und Aktivinformation in den Massenmedien, werden zur Verringerung des Informationsdefizites im Bereich der Produktinformation als weniger geeignet angesehen, könnten aber im Bereich der Bedarfsreflexion oder im Bereich der Strukturierung von Konsumproblemen sinnvolle Ergänzungen darstellen. Eine ausführliche Darstellung des Forschungsprojektes in deutscher Sprache findet sich bei Dedler et al. (1984).

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Klaus G. Grunert is Assistant Professor of Consumer Economics at the University of Hohenheim, Institute 530, PO Box 700562, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, West Germany. The research project described in this paper was directed by Gerhard Scherhorn with Konrad Dedler, Ingrid Gottschalk, Margot Heiderich, Annemarie L. Hoffmann, and the author as co-workers. A more complete report of the research may be found in Dedler et al. (1984).