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1.
A model of farmer decision making is developed to determine the extent to which uncertainties about soil fertility and weather affect the value of site-specific technologies (SSTs) using jointly estimated risk and technology parameters. Uncertainty can lead risk-averse farmers to apply more fertilizers and generate more pollution than in the certainty case. Ignoring uncertainty and risk aversion would overestimate the economic and environmental benefits of SSTs and underestimate the subsidy required to induce adoption. Accounting for uncertainties and risk preferences might explain the low observed adoption rates of SSTs. Improving the accuracy of SSTs would increase the incentives for adoption. 相似文献
2.
Cost-Effective Targeting of Land Retirement to Improve Water Quality with Endogenous Sediment Deposition Coefficients 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Madhu Khanna Wanhong Yang Richard Farnsworth Hayri Önal 《American journal of agricultural economics》2003,85(3):538-553
An integrated framework that combines spatial and biophysical attributes of land with a hydrological model and an economic model is developed to identify cropland for enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. Sediment deposition coefficients are determined endogenously depending on the land-use decisions on other land parcels. Application of this framework to a watershed in Illinois demonstrates that highly sloping land adjacent to water bodies should be selected for retirement. A marginal value rental payment scheme can achieve program goals of 20% sediment abatement at 39% lower cost than a productivity-based rental scheme. 相似文献
3.
David Ervin JunJie Wu Madhu Khanna Cody Jones Teresa Wirkkala 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2013,22(6):390-409
This paper integrates two conceptual frameworks, utility maximization and institutional theory, to analyze voluntary corporate environmental management. The utility maximization or economic approach centers on motivations to decrease cost, increase revenue and improve manager utility. Institutional theory emphasizes how external pressures from market and non‐market constituents shape the firm's environmental efforts. We view the two frameworks as complementary and postulate a model that includes both types of influences. Survey data from six major industries consisting of a diverse set of facilities are used to estimate the effects of economic and institutional factors on a facility's use of environmental practices and pollution‐prevention activities. Our results support the hypothesized model, and show that cost barriers, management attitudes toward environmental stewardship, company ownership and external institutional forces, including competitiveness, investor and regulatory pressures, all affect a facility's environmental practices and pollution prevention activities. Findings suggest that a multifaceted policy strategy is needed to advance corporate environmental management across diverse firms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment 相似文献
4.
Valuation of Landmass Degradation Using Fuzzy Hedonic Method: A Case Study of National Capital Region 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Rakesh Paliwal Gejo Anna Geevarghese P. Ram Babu P. Khanna 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1999,14(4):519-543
A Hedonic model to determine the revealed willingness to pay for landmass of different suitability classes, based on landmass functional characteristics obtained through subjective assessments, is developed for the National Capital Region in India. The inherent non-specificity involved in subjective evaluation is minimized using fuzzy logic based regression technique. The proposed fuzzy regression involves regression using central values of triangular fuzzy number and minimization of non-specificity using linear programming. The revealed willingness-to-pay for landmass of different suitability classes is used for valuation of disbenefits due to urban expansion on landmass of different agricultural suitability classes in National Capital Territory of Delhi. Appropriate pricing policies to prevent the future inappropriate landuse practices are developed using the landmass valuation. 相似文献
5.
This paper uses primary data to analyze the institutions and informal markets that govern groundwater allocation in a sugarcane-cultivating village in North India. We find that, in contrast to earlier literature, the observed water trades result in efficient water allocation across farms. We interpret this and other stylized facts in terms of a social contract using a simple bargaining model with limited inter-player transfers. Poor functioning of the power sector leads to reduced pumping and a water supply constraint. Simulations show that power supply reform can significantly increase farm yields, and be financed out of increased farm profits. 相似文献
6.
Preferences, Technology, and the Environment: Understanding the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We derive a simple expression for the income-pollution path using the standard static model of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). This expression makes it straightforward to identify the general characteristics of utility and pollution functions that lead to such a curve. We show that suitable preferences can always lead to an EKC while there is no technology that yields an EKC for all types of preferences, and we derive a sufficient condition for technology that leads to an EKC for almost all types of preferences. Our results hold for a model with multiple goods with different pollution intensities and for a production economy with nonconstant relative price of consumption and environmental effort. We derive our results without assuming specific functional forms and we encompass several other models as special cases. 相似文献
7.
Perennial energy crops are a promising source of bioenergy whose production involves production risks, long‐term commitment of land and need for crop‐specific investments without the coverage of crop insurance potentially available for conventional crops. We conduct a choice experiment in five states in the Midwestern and South‐central regions of the U.S. to examine the effect of crop‐contract attributes on the joint discrete‐continuous choice decisions to adopt an energy crop and convert acres to it from a status quo use, while controlling for the effect of various farmers’ risk and time preferences, sociodemographic characteristics, and availability of crop insurance for conventional crops. We find robust evidence that high discount rates, high upfront establishment costs and need for crop‐specific investments create disincentives for adoption and allocation of land to energy crop production. The effects of riskiness of returns and risk aversion are less robust across specifications. The effect of conventional crop insurance on the energy crop adoption decision differs across types of insurance; in particular, farmers with revenue insurance are statistically significantly less likely to adopt an energy crop. Our results have implications for the design of effective contracts and policy incentives to induce the production of energy crops. 相似文献
8.
A theory of acquisition markets: mergers versus tender offers, and golden parachutes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We develop a model of the acquisition market in which the acquirerhas a choice between two takeover mechanisms: mergers and tenderoffers. A merger is modeled as a bargaining game between theacquiring and target firms; whereas a tender offer is modeledas an auction in which bidders arrive sequentially an competefor the target. At any stage of the bargaining game the acquiringfirm can stop negotiating and make a tender offer. In equilibrium,there is a unique level of synergy gains below which the acquiringfirm makes only a merger attempt as it expects to lose in thecompetition resulting from a tender offer. For synergy gainsabove this level, tender offers can occur. However, to get tenderoffers, target shareholders must give their managers gold parachutesthat give higher payoffs in tender offers than in mergers. 相似文献
9.
Ashok Khanna 《Review of World Economics》1984,120(2):348-360
Zusammenfassung Marktst?rungen und die Exporte eines Landes: Indiens Industriegüterexporte in den siebziger Jahren. — Aus einem Heckscher-Ohlin-Modell
mit mehreren L?ndern und mehreren Gütern werden Vorstellungen darüber abgeleitet, wie sich Verzerrungen der Güter- und Faktorm?rkte
auf die Kapitalintensit?t von Industrien, auf die Zusammensetzung der Warenexporte und auf die Exportt?tigkeit auswirken.
Diese Modellvorstellungen werden mit Erfolg benutzt, um die indische Situation zu erkl?ren. Die Verzerrungen der Faktorm?rkte
in Indien haben eine gr?Βere Kapitalintensit?t seiner Industrien bewirkt; Verzerrungen der Güterm?rkte haben zu einer Umkehr
in der Exportt?tigkeit geführt: Einige subventionierte kapitalintensive Industrien sind auf den Weltm?rkten leistungsf?higer
als seine arbeitsintensiven Industrien.
Résumé Distorsions de marché et la performance exportatrice: les exportations manufacturières de l’Inde dans les années soixante-dix. — Avec succès l’auteur explique la situation indienne gráce aux propositions qui sont dérivées d’un multi-pays et multi-biens cadre du type Heckscher-Ohlin pour analyser les effets des distorsions sur le marché des biens et des facteurs á l’intensité capitalistique des industries, á la composition des biens exportés et á la performance exportatrice. Les distorsions sur les marchés des facteurs aux Indes ont augmenté l’intensité capitalistique de ses industries; les distorsions sur les marchés des biens ont conduit aux inversions de la performance exportatrice de ses industries — quelques industries intensives á capital et subventionées révèlent une meilleure performance exportatrice sur les marchés mondiaux que des industries intensives á main-d’∁uvre.
Resumen Distorsiones de mercado y comportamiento de exportación: las exportaciones de manufacturas de la India en los afios 1970. — Se utilizan exitosamente proposiciones derivadas de un marco multi-paises y multi-productos de Heckscher-Ohlin acerca del impacto de distorsiones en los mercados de bienes y factures sobre la intensidad de capital de las industrias, la composición de productos de las exportaciones y el comportamiento de las exportaciones para explicar la situaci?n de la India. Distorsiones en el mercado de factures en la India han resultado en una mayor intensidad de capital de sus industrias; distorsiones en el mercado de bienes en la India han llevado a reversiones en el comportamiento de exportation de sus industrias — algunas industrias intensivas en capital subsidiadas tienen un comportamiento mejor en los mercados mundiales que sus industrias intensivas en mano de obra.相似文献
10.
Strategies that fit emerging markets 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
It's no easy task to identify strategies for entering new international markets or to decide which countries to do business with. Many firms simply go with what they know-and fall far short of their goals. Part of the problem is that emerging markets have "institutional voids": They lack specialized intermediaries, regulatory systems, and contract-enforcing methods. These gaps have made it difficult for multinationals to succeed in developing nations; thus, many companies have resisted investing there. That may be a mistake. If Western companies don't come up with good strategies for engaging with emerging markets, they are unlikely to remain competitive. Many firms choose their markets and strategies for the wrong reasons, relying on everything from senior managers' gut feelings to the behaviors of rivals. Corporations also depend on composite indexes for help making decisions. But these analyses can be misleading; they don't account for vital information about the soft infrastructures in developing nations. A better approach is to understand institutional variations between countries. The best way to do this, the authors have found, is by using the five contexts framework. The five contexts are a country's political and social systems, its degree of openness, its product markets, its labor markets, and its capital markets. By asking a series of questions that pertain to each ofthe five areas, executives can map the institutional contexts of any nation. When companies match their strategies to each country's contexts, they can take advantage of a location's unique strengths. But first firms should weigh the benefits against the costs. If they find that the risks of adaptation are too great, they should try to change the contexts in which they operate or simply stay away. 相似文献