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This article evaluates the ability of contingent valuation to measure the benefits received by several ethnic groups from a prescribed burning forest fire reduction program similar to President Bush's Healthy Forest Initiative. Reasons for refusing to pay higher taxes for the prescribed burning program were not statistically different between African Americans, Hispanics, and whites. Mean willingness to pay of whites was $400, whereas for African Americans it was $505, but the difference is not statistically significant. The results suggest a substantial statewide willingness to pay by whites and African Americans for forest fuel reduction projects using prescribed burning in California. (JEL Q26 , Q23 , J15 ) 相似文献
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It's not taking place in the White House or Congress. The show to watch is the boisterous, free-market affair, precipitated by employers fed up with rising medical costs, and carried on by insurers and HMOs scrapping for turf. 相似文献
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There is a growing concern that human health impacts from exposure to wildfire smoke are ignored in estimates of monetized damages from wildfires. Current research highlights the need for better data collection and analysis of these impacts. Using unique primary data, this paper quantifies the economic cost of health effects from the largest wildfire in Los Angeles County's modern history. A cost of illness estimate is $9.50 per exposed person per day. However, theory and empirical research consistently find that this measure largely underestimates the true economic cost of health effects from exposure to a pollutant in that it ignores the cost of defensive actions taken as well as disutility. For the first time, the defensive behavior method is applied to calculate the willingness to pay for a reduction in one wildfire smoke induced symptom day, which is estimated to be $84.42 per exposed person per day. 相似文献
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This paper demonstrates a time-series production technique to quantify the deer harvest and deer hunting benefits of controlled burns or prescribed fire. The time series regression model showed a statistically significant and positive effect of prescribed fire on deer harvest. The net economic value of the resulting additional deer hunting benefit was estimated using the Contingent Valuation Method at $ 98 per additional deer harvested. The initial deer hunting benefits of an additional 1,000 acres of prescribed burning are between $ 2,674 and $ 3,128 or $ 2-3 per acre. The costs of prescribed burning greatly exceed these benefits, suggesting that deer hunting benefits represent only a small part of the multiple use benefits of prescribed fire. 相似文献
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Strategic substitutes and complements have become standard tools of analysis in industrial organization. Bulow et al. (1985) original model which introduced these concepts focused on multimarket oligopoly. Building upon that model, this paper shows that there becomes not one but two strategic interaction terms if the demands between markets is interdependent and the firms compete in prices. This new model is applied to the telecommunications industry, where the local exchange carriers face competition from competitive access providers. The theoretical model shows the critical variables in the local exchange carriers' strategic pricing decision. 相似文献
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Michelle A. Haefele & John B. Loomis 《American journal of agricultural economics》2001,83(5):1321-1327
We investigate the effect of panel estimators and sample weighting to improve efficiency of coefficient estimates and confidence intervals on marginal values. Panel estimators are appropriate because most conjoint studies have respondents rate multiple product profiles. Using a random effects ordered probit model increases significance levels on two forest health attribute coefficients and results in substantial tightening of confidence intervals on marginal values. To mitigate the effects of low response rate, we weight the returned surveys using Census data to match the sample to the population. Two of the four marginal values from this weighted ordered probit model are substantially different. 相似文献
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Using Non Market Valuation to Inform the Choice Between Permits and Fees in Environmental Regulation
The purpose of this short note is to open an exploration regarding the use of non market valuation to help guide the selection
of economically efficient pollution control instruments. As long as non market valuation techniques can correctly estimate
the slope of the marginal benefit of abatement curve, this information along with engineering cost estimates of the unit costs or slope
of the marginal abatement cost will provide useful information to policy makers in choosing between fees and permits. An illustrative
review of the literature suggests that both stated and revealed preference methods have estimated slopes of marginal benefit
functions for reducing several pollutants. To investigate the efficiency of permits versus fees, an illustrative review of
corresponding marginal abatement costs is also made. For air pollutants affecting visibility, the slope of the marginal benefit
curve is far greater than the slope of the marginal abatement costs, suggesting permits as the efficient instrument. For nitrates
in groundwater used for drinking, the marginal benefit curve is flatter than the rather steep marginal abatement cost, suggesting
fees/taxes would be a more efficient economic instrument. We hope this note stimulates more emphasis in non market valuation
on estimating the slope of the marginal benefit function to enhance environmental economists ability to make policy recommendations
regarding the choice of pollution instruments for specific pollutants.
相似文献
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John Loomis Thomas Brown Beatrice Lucero George Peterson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1997,10(2):109-123
Hypothetical and actual cash willingness to pay (WTP) for an art print were elicited with dichotomous choice and open-ended question formats. Comparing hypothetical and actual dichotomous choice responses using both a likelihood ratio test and the method of convolutions suggests we reject equality at the 0.05 but not the 0.01 level. Hypothetical WTP was roughly two times actual WTP with the dichotomous choice format. There were no significant differences between the open-ended and dichotomous choice question formats when both were used to estimate hypothetical WTP or both used to estimate actual WTP. 相似文献