From Village Artisans to Industrial Clusters: Agendas and Policy Gaps in Indian Rural Industrialization

This paper offers a broad strategic assessment of the experience of rural industrialization in India. It does so from a policy perspective with the aim eventually of highlighting speci?c outstanding policy issues. Rural and small‐scale industrialization (RSSI) has held a special place in Indian development thinking and policy formulation from the outset. This privileged position, however, does not derive from a universal consensus with regard to the rationale and policy framework applicable to this sub‐sector.However, such has been the symbolic power and populist appeal of RSSI that it has retained its special status within diverse strategic and ideological frameworks. But how has the sub‐sector performed? Is the infant industry still in need of paternalistic protection at the age of ?fty? Are there any credible indications of a strategic break with longstanding policy frameworks inherited from the past? Can any crucial policy gaps be identi ?ed? How well does rural small‐scale industry satisfy the extensive developmental claims made by its proponents? These are the general questions addressed.     

Rethinking the externality issue for dryland salinity in Western Australia

Dryland salinity has been conceived of as a problem involving massive off-site impacts and therefore requiring coordinated action to ensure that land managers reduce those off-site impacts. In economic terms, salinity is seen as a problem of market failure due to externalities, including external costs from one farmer to another and from the farm sector to the non-farm sector. In this article, we argue that, at least in Western Australia (WA), externalities are much less important as a cause of market failure than has been widely believed. If all externalities from salinity in WA were to be internalised, the impact on farm management would be small.     

Leadership styles and ethical decision-making in hospitality management

This study examined the ways in which hospitality leaders in Australia seek to influence others in the workplace. One hundred and thirty three hotel managers participated in this study, of which 91 provided answers to all questions. The results indicate that the prevailing leadership styles in Australia are a blend of Machiavellian and Bureaucratic styles and that variance in this choice correlates with the age of the respondent. That is, older managers are less inclined to use a utilitarian or rule-based ethical decision-making style, and more inclined to embrace a social contract or personalistic ethic approach.     

Skinner's Naturalism as a Paradigm for Teaching Business Ethics: A Discussion from Tourism

This paper introduces for discussion a paradigmfor teaching ethics in business courses basedon the system known as naturalistic ethics. Aform of naturalistic ethics based on the valuesystem proposed by B. F. Skinner is suggestedas a framework suitable for the multi-faceted,cross-cultural, and global nature of the moderncorporation. The relevant literature on tourismand hospitality ethics and the more recentstudies on business ethics education arereviewed. An interpretation of Skinner's systemis given, and its suitability as a frameworkfor ethics education in business courses isaddressed.     

Indebtedness,tenancy and the adoption of new technology in semi-feudal agriculture

The paper seeks to analyse the relationships between usurious money-lending, share tenancy and the incentives for the adoption of new technology by the semi-feudal landlords who typically combine the roles of landowner and money-lender vis-á-vis the tenants. It is argued that in a labour-abundant economy, ‘tenant-indebtedness’, by itself, is not likely to restrict the adoption of technological improvements. The adoption of new technology does not automatically improve the economic conditions of the tenants, nor does it necessarily transform the semi-feudal relations of production into capitalist ones.     

Development and distribution: A critique of the cross-country U-hypothesis

This paper questions the validity of a modern paradigm, viz., the U-Hypothesis. It argues that notwithstanding contrary claims, the recent cross-country econometric studies by Ahluwalia and others have little in common from a methodological point of view with Kuznets' earlier intertemporal national studies. Ahluwalia's cross-country U-Curve is found to be based on defective statistics and questionable methodological premises. In specific, the estimation of one U-Curve from observations on both LDCs and DCs is criticised. A sample restricted to the LDC group considerably weakens support for the U-Hypothesis. Further, even marginal variations in the data set lead to the virtual disappearance of Ahluwalia's empirical relationship. The paper concludes that the cross-country U-Hypothesis is more of a hindrance than an aid to our comprehension of the relationship between economic growth and income distribution.     

Does it Matter that we do not Agree on the Definition of Poverty? A Comparison of Four Approaches

While there is world-wide agreement on poverty reduction as an overriding goal of development policy, there is little agreement on the definition of poverty. Four approaches to the definition and measurement of poverty are reviewed in this paper: the monetary, capability, social exclusion and participatory approaches. The theoretical underpinnings of the various measures and problems of operationalizing them are pointed out. It is argued that each is a construction of reality, involving numerous judgements, which are often not transparent. The different methods have different implications for policy, and also, to the extent that they point to different people as being poor, for targeting. Empirical work in Peru and India shows that there is significant lack of overlap between the methods with, for example, nearly half the population identified as in poverty according to monetary poverty but not in capability poverty, and conversely. This confirms similar findings elsewhere. Hence, the definition of poverty does matter for poverty eradication strategies.