The interplay between cognitive- and affective conflict and cognition- and affect-based trust in influencing decision outcomes

Research on strategic decision-making has focused on both conflict and trust as important process variables that affect decision outcomes. Taking information processing perspective, the present study investigates the interplay between two types of conflict and two types of trust and argues that cognitive conflict and cognition-based trust are far more important than the affective conflict and affect-based trust in strategic decision-making teams. The perceptions of trustworthiness based on the competence of the executives enhance decision quality and commitment whereas the perceptions of trustworthiness based on relationships do not have any affect on outcomes. Multi-informant data from 109 hospitals revealed that cognition-based trust is a moderator in the relationship between conflict and outcomes whereas affect-based trust does not moderate the relationship. The implications of the divergence roles of both conflict and trust are discussed.     

Impacts of Trade and Agricultural Policies on the World Malt and Malting Barley Market

Major changes have been occurring in agricultural policies affecting world malt and malting barley production and trade. This paper analyzes effects of these changes on international trade and competition. A spatially disaggregated linear programing model of the world malt and malting barley sector is constructed and used to analyze effects of changes in European Union supply, European Union restitutions, the U.S. Export Enhancement Program subsidy regime, and import tariffs on malt and malting barley. Policy changes are found to generate substantial changes in trade flows and competitiveness between producing and exporting regions.     

Import Demand for Malt in Selected Countries: A Linear Approximation of AIDS

Canada has emerged to be one of the major world exporters of malt. However, the European Union (EU) dominates the world malt trade due in part to quality advantages andor export restitutions. A Linear Approximation of the Almost Ideal Demand System (MAIDS) was estimated for four major malt importing countries: Japan, Brazil, Philippines and Venezueta. Elasticities of substitution for malt among different sources were computed. Results show that malt imported from the EU is least substi-tutable with malt from other sources, and demand for EU malt is less responsive to changes in price. Expenditure elasticities suggest a preference for malt imports from the EU compared to malt from other sources. For these reasons, the study concludes that price-based export expansion measures for non-EU malt may not be very effective .
Le Canada est sorti comme un exportateur majeur du malt au monde. Mais, la communauté Européen (EU) domine le commerce mondiale due aux avantages des qualités et des restrictions d'exporte. Une approximation linéaire de systéme de demande presque idéale «LA/AIDS>> a été estimée pour quatre pays importateurs du malt: le Japon, le Brésil, la Philippines et la Venezuela. Les élasticités du malt de différent sources ont étaient calculé. Les résultats démontrent que le malt importé d'EU est le moins remplaçable avec le malt d'autre sources, et la demande du malt venant d'EU est le moins élastique par rapport au changement du prix. L'élasticité du dépense suggère une préférence pour le malt importé d'EU par rapport à d'autres sources. Pour ces raisons, l'étude a conch qu'une expansion et l'expor-tation du malt en utilisant le prix ne sera pas effectif en dehors du malt d'EU .